UQ - Classics and Ancient History: CL223

7	gloriosum etiam: Further to Austin, etiam more commonly modifies the word(s) following; quoque, the word(s) preceding, as in 12 below.
9-10	laesi .... lacessiti: three little clauses in parallel, numbers 2 and 3 forming a chiasmus.
10	sapientiae: genitive of characteristic. (MBA 291) Compare Tennyson's Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. (The Charge of the Light Brigade, 1854)
12	uobis: dative of the possessor. (MBA 257)
12-13	alieno dolori .... uestrae fidei: a neat antithesis; dolori and fidei are datives after the gerund consulendi. (MBA 248)
13-14	quae x 4: epanaphora.
17	soleant: subjunctive in a qui- characteristic clause.
17-18	operam nauare: Further to Austin, while it is tempting to link the English "navvy" with nauare, the word is actually a contraction of "navigator" and stems from the days of canal construction: the canals were called "navigations".
19	excluditote: On the future, or legal, imperative, see KMP 347, MBA p. 93, footnote 7.
19-21	eorum cupiditatem .... sapientia uestra .... huius saluti .... religioni uestrae: double chiasmus.
21	potentias: Further to Austin, we similarly speak of someone being, e.g. "a power in the land", and Paul the Apostle reminds his followers, "The powers that be are ordained of God." (Romans 12.21)
27-28	res cum re .... ratio cum ratione: a fine example of parallelism, a common device in poetry, particularly Hebrew poetry, and not uncommon in declamatory prose such as Cicero's. Parallelism involves the phrasing of language so as to balance ideas of equal importance. It may apply to phrases, sentences, paragraphs or longer passages. Walt Whitman probably used it more than any other poet: "Where the city of the healthiest fathers stands, Where the city of the best-bodied mothers stands, There the great city stands." (Song of the Broad Axe 5.20) And again, "Those corpses of young men, Those martyrs that hang from the gibbets, those hearts pierc'd by the gray lead, Cold and motionless as they seem live else - where with unslaughter'd vitality. They live in other young men, O kings! They live in brothers again ready to defy you." (Europe. The 72nd and 73rd Years of these States) Instances in the Bible are, of course, legion. Try, e.g. Psalm 67.
1	de seditionibus .... de bonis Pallae: parallelism.
3	uellem dictum esset: lit. "would-it-had-been-said; I-should-wish (it).": parataxis. See again the note on 7.2-3.
4	quod exspectetis: a relative clause of characteristic.
7-8	quod¹ .... est⁶ eius⁷ modi⁸ crimen⁴ ut⁹ qui¹⁰ commisit¹¹ non¹² neget¹³, .... id³ hic¹ pertimescat² ....: For construing purposes, take these words in the order indicated by the numerals, lit. "Should this (man) dread that charge which is of-that kind that (he) who committed (the deed) does not deny (it) ....?" The antecedent of crimen is quod. pertimescat: jussive subjunctive. qui commisit non neget .... qui negauit absolutus sit: chiasmus.
10	Asicio: dative after both profuit and nocuit. causa plus profuit quam nocuit inuidia: antithesis and chiasmus.
17, 20	humanissimi, humanitatis: See the note on 2.1.
20	cum .... tum: used correlatively, "both .... and, not only .... but also".
21	hospitium: From the time of Homer onwards, hospitality was a cardinal virtue in the Greco-Roman world. When a weary traveller arrived as a guest, he was welcomed by the head of the household or a son, relieved of his weapons and baggage and wined and dined with the best his hosts could afford. He was protected from violence or discourtesy, provided with every possible comfort and given gifts on his departure. The bond of guest-friendship formed by even one visit could link families for generations. It made it possible for people to travel or stay in alien lands where inns were commonly substandard or unsafe. For further details, see the excellent treatment of the topic in W. Ramsay, rev. R. Lanciani, A Manual of Roman Antiquities, pp. 115 (bottom)-117.
22	Alexandriae: locative case.
25	remoueantur: jussive subjunctive.
1-3	Cicero shrewdly begins on a complimentary and conciliatory note. "It is not necessary to believe, merely on Cicero's word, that Herennius' performance was all that solemn and austere. It is much to Cicero's, and Caelius', advantage for the speech to be perceived as such. Creating perceptions is the prime aim of an orator." (H.C. Gotoff, "Cicero's Analysis of the Prosecution Speeches in the Pro Caelio: An Exercise in Practical Criticism", Classical Philology 81 (1986). 126)
4-5	uerebar ne .... accederet: For the syntax, see MBA 137.
5	inducta: a theatre metaphor, "brought on the scene".
6-7	multa de x 4: epanaphora.
7-9	qui .... esset et .... soleret: concessive qui- clauses. (MBA 510-512)
15	egomet: The suffix -met adds emphasis. "What better way to deflect the oratorical power of an opponent than to admit being nearly convinced of it yourself?" (Gotoff 129) But then, as Austin says, Cicero is probably being ironic.
19	una: the adverb.
20-21	illud: expanded in the following quod-clause, quod meaning "the fact that". (MBA 487)
21-27	In referring to this wild sodalitas of the Luperci, "Cicero's language is at its most urbane: a single, progressive period with graceful doublets, (and) elevated diction calling attention to the self-defeating dissension of the society and the absurdity of Herennius= demand for fraternal feelings that are strong because obligatory." (Gotoff 131)
23	You will find ample coverage of Luperci and the Lupercal in OCCL 333-334. Further to the references to purification there, this is perhaps why in Christian times the Lupercalia was presented in a new guise as the Feast of the Purification of the Virgin. Old leather shoes are still sometimes thrown after a newly married couple when they leave for their honeymoon, or tied to the back of the car. This has been explained either as a relic of ancient bride-capture and the accompanying fight or as a token of transfer of authority over the bride from her father to her husband. While the thought is tempting, it is hard to see a link with the Lupercalia.
23-24	ante .... quam: The separation of this conjunction into two parts is known as tmesis (Greek, "a cutting"). It often occurs today in abusive or angry speech, e.g. many ALP stalwarts continue to gnash their teeth about "Mundingbloodyburra", which, in February 1996, thrust the conservative forces back into power in Queensland. MEU 624 gives more polished examples.
24	For si quidem in a causal sense, see GL 595, remark 5. I have "translated" it with a colon.
26	For the construction used with verbs of fearing, see MBA 137.
26-27	ut .... uideantur: a result clause.
3-7	"Cicero manages to make Clodius sound like an ineffective windbag and a hack .... No one would know better than Cicero that on occasion these words might be said of any powerful orator." (Gotoff 132)
9-10	qui .... uiderit: The four qui-characteristic clauses are an excellent example of parallelism. See the note on 22.27-28.
10	Baiae was the ancient equivalent of Surfers Paradise or Noosa. See OCCL 84 and the note on 35.10.
11	non modo qui .... gustassent .... digitis attigissent: The equivalent proverbial expression in English is "to dip one=s toes in the water".
11-14	qui .... gustassent .... attigissent .... dedidissent: These three qui-clauses are sub-oblique after uidi and audiui. Could they also be clauses of characteristic? Probably not: Cicero has particular people in mind, or pretends he has, rather than general types of people.
16	concessu omnium: George Bernard Shaw wrote of "youth, which is forgiven everything". (Man and Superman, "Maxims: Stray Sayings") aliqui: an indefinite adjective, qualifying ludus. (KMP 100)
18	ita erumpunt ut .... labefactent .... : On limiting consecutive clauses, see MBA 111.
24-25	dies .... deficiat, si .... coner .... : ideal conditions.
27	ut .... proponas: On ut used concessively for the sake of argument, see GL 608.
1	sapientiae: genitive of characteristic. Cicero compliments the jurors in exactly the same terms in 21.10. See the note ad loc.
1-2	quos .... habeat: a relative clause of characteristic.
2	aculeos: aculeus, "sting" (of an insect) is the diminutive of acus, "needle". When it is used metaphorically, as here, we find the plural form with singular meaning. aculeos, the antecedent of quos (1), has been incorporated into the relative clause itself. (GL 616) seueritas: "The qualities which served the Roman in his early struggles with Nature and with neighbours remained for him the virtues above all others. To them he owed it that his city-state had risen superior to the older civilization which surrounded it - a civilization which appeared to be limp and nerveless unless stiffened by the very virtues which he himself had painfully cultivated. Perhaps they can be summed up under seueritas, which means being stern with oneself." (Barrow 23)
2-3	cum .... erexerit: a causal cum-clause.
3-4	in hominem et in reum: et is best taken as explanatory, lit. "against an-individual, that-is against a-defendant".
4-5	cum .... sit .... uocatus: causal again. While it suits Cicero's purpose to pay lip service to the jurors' sapientia, grauitas and seueritas in this section, he is anything but seuerus himself in defending Caelius's undisciplined way of life. Geffcken's comment is pertinent: "Cicero strives to make those censorious of Caelius ridiculous, inflexible, out of date." (45) Cicero's attitude, writes Geffcken, is "confident, urbane, permissive". (46) Bear these comments in mind as you proceed to Section 30.
6	erat: Further to Austin's additional note on p. 167, see MBA 461. Be prepared to comment learnedly on both the tense and the mood of erat.
7	meum: This neuter adjective is equivalent to a genitive of characteristic.
8	nihil: cognate accusative, more emphatic than non. (MBA 236-237, especially the second paragraph of 237)
9-12	peto ut .... ne noceant: Further to Austin, see again the latter part of my note on 8.11.
13	idem: nominative in apposition with ego.
13-15	quin .... respondeam non recuso: for the syntax, see MBA 130.
16	auri et ueneni: genitives of the charge. (MBA 306)
19-20	iurgi, quaestionis: genitives of characteristic.