topicIndexTtoZ

School Science Lessons
Chemistry index and minerals T to Z
Updated: 2012-02-09 SP
Please send comments to: J.Elfick@uq.edu.au

Index, items T, | U, | V, | W, | X, | Y, | Z
T
Table of the elements Table 2
Table salt and rock salt: 19.1.16
Talc, soapstone, steatite, Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂: 35.23.7
Talcum powder
Tannic acid, tannin, C₇₆H₅₂O₄₆
Tantalum, Ta, Table of the elements, (abundant, as Ta used in capacitors for smart phones and tablet computers and its oxide for self healing insulators)
Tar, (from destructive distillation of coal), Coal tar products: 16.2.10
Tarnished silver, cleaning tarnished silver: 15.3.16
Tartar emetic
Tartaric acid, (CHOH)₂(COOH)₂, 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
Taste
Tautomer: 16.11.17
TCP, Carbolic acid, phenol, Dettol: 16.1.3.2.1
Teaching facilities: 6.5.0
Tea
Tea tree oil
Technetium, Tc, Table of the elements, (very rare, from atomic reactors, radioactive half life 6 hours, used in medical imaging)
Teepol
Teeth and toothpaste: 9.226
Teflon, Polytetrafluoroetheylene, PTFE: 3.7.32
Tellurium, Te
Temperature, Celsius scale, Kelvin scale, Fahrenheit scale: 6.3.1.5.0
Temperature, thermometry, thermometer, temperature: 22.3
Tempering: 7.9.54
Tensides
tera-, T, X 1 million million, 10¹²
Terbene, (liniment, resists water and oil), Harmful if ingested, flammable, irritant to skin and respiratory system
Terbene, contact with combustibles may ignite
Terbium, Tb, Table of the elements, (future supply shortfall, yellow-green phosphorescence, with Europium and Yttrium in television screens)
Terpenes, Dienes, isoprene units, 16.1.1.2.2
Terpineol, alpha-terpineol, C₁₀H₁₈O, from pine oil
Terpinoline, C₁₀H₁₆, flavor and fragrance agent
Terpinyl acetate, C₁₂H₂₀O₂, oleoresin from pine oil
Terylene, plastic
Terpenes, (isoprene unit: CH₂:C(CH₃)CH:CH₂), terpenoids, oleoresins: 16.3.5.1
tert-
Test-tape, glucose tes-tape
Test tubes: 1.9
Test tubes, glassware and microscope slides, laboratory safety: 3.3.1
Tests
Tetrabromofluorescein, eosin
Tetrabromophenol blue solution, Tests for proteins, Albustix test strips, tetrabromophenol blue solution 16.6.8
Tetrachloromethane, CCl_4,carbon tetrachloride, perchloromethane, Not permitted in schools, Halogen compounds: 16.2.2
Tetrachlorvinphos, organophosphate insecticide: 16.13.4.5
Tetraethyl lead, Pb(C₂H₅)4, lead (IV) tetraethyl_:7.2.2.23b
Tetrafluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroetheylene: 3.7.32
Tetrahydrofuran, (replace as solvent with ethanol or acetone), Toxic by all routes, highly flammable, avoid inhalation, skin irritant
Tetrahydrofuran, Solution < 25%, Not hazardous but do not ingest
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide, Toxic by all routes, highly corrosive, avoid skin contact
Tetramminecopper (II) chloride, copper (II) ammonium chloride, ammonium cupric chloride, Harmful if ingested, skin irritant
Tetrapyrroles, porphyrins: 16.3.5.2.1
Tetrasaccharides: 16.3.1.4
Tetrazobenzin-p-naphthol
Tetrazolium salt
Thallium
THC, cannabis, hallucinogenic drugs: 11.11.9
Thebaine: 11.11.9
Thermal capacity, Specific heat capacity, C: 23.5.0
Thermal capacity, energy of reactions, enthalpy, heat of reaction, Hess's law: 14.01
Thermal cracking: 7.9.15.1
Thermal decomposition, substances may decompose and lose mass when heated: 3.30.0
Thermit reaction, Reactions of aluminium, Al, aluminate, AlO₂: 12.01.1 (See 3.)
Thermochemistry: Topic 14
Thermochromism, Colour Changing Ducks, (liquid crystals, leuco dyes): See pdf
Thermometers and mercury, safety: 3.3.4
Thermometers and temperature: 22.7.0
Thermoplastic polymers: 3.0.2
Thermosetting polymers: 3.0.3
Thiamine, Vitamin B1: 16.4.1.2
Thiazole group of alkaloids: 16.3.6.2.12
Thinners, solvents for oil-based paints, e.g. acetone, turpentine, white spirit, MEK, DMK, Flammable liquids, toxic vapours, keep away from ignition
Thiocarbamide, thiourea
Thiocyanates
Thiols, thio-alcohols, mercaptans: 16.1.3.3
Thionyl chloride, SOCl₂, sulfur dichloride
Thiopental, barbiturates, phenobarbital, amylobarbital, pentobarbital: 11.11.7
Thiosulfates
Thiourea, thiocarbamide, (used as flame retardant and chelating agent), Highly toxic if ingested, skin irritant, possibly carcinogenic
Thiourea, H₂N.CS.NH₂, Tests for bismuth: 12.11.3.10.6
Thiourea, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous but do not ingest
Thorium, Th, Table of the elements, Toxic by all routes, Not permitted in schools
Thorite, ThSiO4
Threonine
Thulium, Tm, Table of the elements
Thymine, structure of DNA and RNA: 4.4.0
Thymol, thymol blue indicators
Thymolphthalein, C₂₈H₃₀O₄, acid-base indicator, pH 9.4 colourless, pH 10.6 blue, Quantity of indicator per 10 mL: 3.1
Thyodene, (indicator), Toxic if ingested
Thyroxine, Iodine: 7.2.2.20
Thyroxine, Table salt and rock salt: 19.1.16 (See 2.)
Time, second: 6.3.1.3
Tin, metal foil (0.13 mm), metal granulated, metal powder
Tin compounds
Tincture, Solutions used in making herbal remedies, infusion, decoction, tincture: 5.04
Tincture of iodine, iodine extraction, I₂
Titan yellow, Na₂C₂₈H₁₉S₄O₆, Tests for magnesium: 12.11.3.10.14
Titanite, sphene, CaTi(OSIO₄)
Titanium, Ti
Titration
Tolidine, o-tolidine, 3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diamine, Highly toxic if ingested, carcinogenic impurities, Not permitted in schools
Tollen's reagent
Toluene, C₇H₈, methylbenzene, paint thinner, Toxic, highly flammable
Toluidine blue (C.I. 52040), (microscopy stain blue-green if lignified structures in fresh plant material), Toxic if ingested: 3.27
Toluidines, (m-toluidine, o-toluidine, p-toluidine) Highly toxic by all routes
Toluol, toluene
Tomato sauce, ketchup, catsup: 13.6.4
Tongs: 1.4
Tools for electrical experiments: 7.0.0
Top dressing and side dressing: 9.12.3
Topaz, Al₂(F₂SiO₄)
Torch battery, dry cell, (torch or radio battery) Leclanche cell: 3.88
torr, statics of fluids, static pressure, the pascal, (Pa): 12.1.01
Touch powder, nitrogen triiodide
Touchstone, gold streak: 35.12.1
Tourmaline, (in Pegmatites), Na Fe₃Al₆[(OH)₄(BO₃)₃Si₆O₁₈]
Town gas: 13.1.36
TOX: TOXIC severe of poisoning risk if absorbed
Toxic substances, Health effects of chemicals: 15.2.2
Toxicity, Acute toxicity: 5.1
Toxicity, High toxicity chemicals, Dr Hugh Cartwright, Chemistry Department, Oxford University, UK: 15.6.0
Toxicity, metals and metal compounds: 3.6.0
Toxicity, poisons and FIRST AID: 3.10.0
Toxicity, Specific target organ toxicity: 5.7
Trace elements mixture
Tranquillizers, Benzodiazepines hypnotics, sedatives): 16.3.4.0.5b
Transferring chemicals, handling chemicals: 3.4.10
Transition metals (transition elements)
Transition metals, Metals, non-metals, transition metals: 7.3.0 (See 3.)
Treated timber, wood (copper chrome arsenate): 12.2.2.1
Tri-sodium phosphate, Na₃PO₄.12H₂O, For 0.1 M soln., 38 g in 1 L water
Triammomium phosphate (V)-3-water, ammonium phosphate
Triammomium aurine tricarboxylate, aluminon
Tribromomethane, bromoform, ( use < 50 mL), Harmful by all routes, eye / lung Irritant, Halogen compounds: 16.2.2 (See 2.)
Tricarboxylic acids, citric acid: 16.3.8.3
Trichloramine: 16.2.4.3.2
Trichlorethylene, trichlorethene, Toxic if ingested or inhaled, carcinogenic, ozone-depleting chemical being phased out
Trichlorethylene, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous but do not ingest. Dilute with ethanol.
Trichlorethylene with active metals is highly exothermic, e.g. Na, Mg, Al
Trichloroacetic acid, trichlorethanoic acid, C₂HCl₃O₂, CCl₃COOH, Highly toxic by all routes
Trichloroethanal, chloral
Trichloroethane, CH₃CCl₃, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, methyl chloroform, Toxic if ingested, do not inhale vapour: 13.1.37
Trichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, Solution < 25%, Not hazardous
Trichloroethanediol, 1,1,1-trichloroethanediol, chloral hydrate
Trichloroethanoic acid, trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroisocyanuric acid, TCCA, C₃Cl₃N₃O₃, white crystalline powder, disinfectant, bleaching agent: 16.13.8
Trichloromethane, CHCl₃, chloroform: 13.1.38
Prepare trichloromethane_:16.1.14
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyethanoic acid, banned synthetic auxin herbicide, dioxin contamination
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5-T, : 16.13.11
Trichlorophon, organophosphate insecticide: 16.13.4.6
Triclosan, organohalogens: 16.1 3.2.5
1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane, Harmful if inhaled, ozone-depleting chemical being phased out of use.
1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane with active metals is highly exothermic, e.g. Na, Mg, Al
Triethanolamine, C₆H₁₅NO₃, " tea", viscous liquid, Harmful if ingested, skin irritant, avoid vapours
Triethylamine, Harmful, highly irritant vapour, alkaline skin irritant
Triethylamine, Solution < 20%, Not hazardous
Triethylenetetramine, TET, curing agent for epoxy resin adhesive, surface coating, irritant
Trifluoroacetic acid, Corrosive by all routes, causes severe burns, damages eyes
Trifluoroacetic acid, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous
1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene, pyrogallol, Highly toxic if ingested, corrosive to skin
1,3,5-trihydroxybenxene, phloroglucinol, benzene-1,3,5-triol, Harmful if ingested, corrosive to skin
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, C₆H₂(OH)₃COOH, gallic acid, Toxic if ingested
Trilead tetroxide, lead (II/IV) oxide
Trillion, Different measurements, billion, trillion: 6.2.0
Trimellitic anhydride
Trimethoprim
Trimethylamine
Trimethylcarbinol
Trinitrobenzene, acid-base indicator, Quantity of indicator per 10 mL: 3.6
2,4,6-trinitrophenol, picric acid, (NO₂)₃C₆H₂OH, trinitrophenol, carbazotic acid, Toxic if ingested, skin irritant, Not permitted in schools
2,4,6-trinitrophenol, yellow crystals stain skin yellow, Explosive when dry and compacted
2,4,6-trinitrophenol, If crust forms at neck of bottle, do not open bottle because crust may explode.
Triodomethane, iodoform, (antiseptic), Harmful if ingested, skin irritant, irritating vapour, Prepare triodomethane: 16.1.13
Trioxoboric (III) acid powder, boracic acid, boric acid, orthoboric acid
Triple point and ice point temperatures of water: 6.3.1.5.1
Triplumbic tetroxide, lead (II/IV) oxide, Toxic by all routes, cumulative poison
Tripod stands: 1.14
Tripotassium phosphate, potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate dibasic, Harmful if ingested, skin irritant
Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-methylamine, Harmful if ingested
Trisaccharides: 16.3.1.4.1
Trisodium-2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxyl
Trisodium citrate dihydrate, Na₃C₆H₅O₇.2H₂O, sodium citrate, E331 Sodium citrates (food acid, acidity regulator, emulsifier)
Trisodium orthophosphate, Na₃PO₄.12H₂O, sodium orthophosphate, sodium phosphate tribasic, trisodium phosphate (V)
Trisodium orthophosphate, E339 (acidity regulator, emulsifier, mineral salt, laxative, textile fixing agent)
Trisodium phosphate, TSP, trisodium orthophosphate "sodium phosphate", E339, Na₃PO₄, Na₃PO₄.12H₂O
Trisodium phosphate, sodium orthophosphate,
Trisodium phosphate (V), sodium orthophosphate, Na₃PO₄Trisodium phosphate, Na₃PO₄.12H₂O, For 0.1 M soln., 38 g in 1 L water
Tristearin
Triton X-100, reduced, polyethyleneglycol, mono(p-octylphenyl ether reduced, (detergent), Harmful if ingested, skin irritant
Tropane group, tropine group of alkaloids: 1.2.0A
Tropeolin OO, acid-base indicator, Quantity of indicator per 10 mL: 3.4
Tropeolin O, orange IV, acid-base indicator, orange G, acid orange, indicator tropaeolin 00, (acid-base indicator), Microscopy stain: 3.21
Troy weight: 3.2.3
Trypsin, avoid skin contact
Tryptamine, hallucinogenic drugs: 11.11.9
Tryptophan
Tryptose
Tschermignite, ammonium alum, NH₄Al(SO₄)₂.12H₂O
TSP, trisodium phosphate, cleaner, (brand name, may not include phosphates)
Tubing: 1.12
Tuff: 35.21.7
Tung oil
Tungsten, W, tungsten wire, Tungsten, properties: 7.2.2.45
Turbidity, Tests of river, lake or ocean: 18.5.1 See 11. Turbidity
Turpentine
Turquoise, callaite, CuAl₆[(OH)₂PO₄]₄.4H₂O
"Turps", mineral turpentine, Toxic by all routes, highly flammable
Tyndall effect: 7.8.1.1
Types of chemical reactions: 12.2.0
Tyrosine, Separate amino acids with paper chromatography: 10.2.2.5

U
Ulexite mineral
Ultraviolet radiation, Solar ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer: 37.34
UNESCO chemistry experiments: 4.0
UNESCO physics experiments
Universal cleaning agent, DECON 90
Universal indicator, Harmful if ingested (mixture of indicators, ethanol solvent): 5.3.8
Universal indicator, Quantity of indicator per 10 mL: 1.0
Unsaturated fatty acids, carboxylic acids, (have double bond =): 16.3.8.4
Uracil, Nucleosides, nucleic acids, DNA, (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA, (ribonucleic acid): 16.3.2.8
Uracil, DNA and RNA: 4.4.0
Uranium
Uranyl acetate, Toxic if ingested, weakly radioactive, avoid direct contact by using disposable gloves
Uranyl magnesium acetate. U0₂(CH₃COO)₂.Mg(CH₃COO)₂, Tests for sodium: 12.11.3.10.20
Uranyl zinc acetate, Toxic if ingested, skin irritant, weakly radioactive
Uranyl zinc acetate mixture, solid < 0.1%, Not hazardous, but do not ingest
Urea-formaldehyde, Prepare urea-formaldehyde resin: 3.101
Urea-formaldehyde (urea-methanal) thermoset resin: 3.8.11
Urea, CO(NH₂)_2, carbamide, urea pure, urea fertilizer, E927b, Harmful
Urea, Straight fertilizers and mixed fertilizers: 6.9.17.1
Urea-formaldehyde, thermoset plastics, resin glues, irritants: 3.8.11
Urea phosphate, UP
Urease, Hydrolysis of urea with urease 16.6.17
Urethane
Urine tests: 9.5.10
Urine tests, tests for glucose: 19.1.20.4

V
Valentinite, antimony bloom, Sb₂O₃
Valeric acid, (pentanoic acid): 16.3.6.1.7
Valine
van der Waals, Allotropes, sulfur, carbon: 7.9.4.1
van der Waals forces, van der Waals bonds: 3.01.7
van der Waals forces, Universal gas equation, PV = nRT: 20.0.7
Vanadium, V, Table of the elements, AAS standard
Vanadium benzoyl acetone
Vanadium pentoxide, vanadium (V) oxide, Harmful by all routes, do not inhale dust particles
Vanadium pentoxide, Solid / mixture < 25%, Not hazardous but do not ingest
Vanilla oil
Vanillin
Vapour pressure of pure water and solution of a non-volatile solvent: 24.1.02
Varnish: 7.9.55
Vaseline (trade name), petroleum jelly
Vegetable gums, food additives: 19.4.4.27
Vegetable juices as acid-base indicators: 5.6.9
Vegetable oil
Velocity (speed): 6.3.03
Verdigris, basic copper carbonate, CuCO₃CH(OH)₂,(green colour of old coins from copper exposed to moist air), Harmful if ingested
Vermiculite, (in potting mix), Mg₂FeAl[(OH)₂AlSi₂O₁₀Mg((H₂O)₄], 35.22.4.6
Very toxic substances, Health effects of chemicals: 15.2.1.2
Very toxic Toxicity, Metals and metal compounds: 3.6.0
Vinegar
Vinpocetine
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl group, unsaturated monovalent radical CH₂=CH--
Vinyls: 3.6.13
Vinylbenzene, styrene
Viscosity: 13.3.0
Vitamin C, ascorbic acid
Vitamin C test material, dichlorophenol / indophenol
Vitamin E, antioxidants, BHA, BHT, TBHQ, propyl gallate: See diagram 19.2.1.6
Vitamins: 16.4.1.0
Volcano, Prepare imitation volcano with baking soda: 12.16.6
"Volasil", commercial silicone-based solvent to replace CFCs, e.g. carbon tetrachloride
Volatile oils, essential oils, ethereal oils: 16.3.3.0.3
Volatility of different liquids: 3.7
Voltage produced by chemical action, batteries: 4.1.5.0
Voltaic cell, galvanic cell
Voltameter, Electrolysis, voltameter, coulometer: 15.5.0
Voltameter, Voltage produced by chemical action, batteries: 4.1.5
Volume experiments (Primary): 6.3.06
Volumetric flask: 1.27
Vulcanization, 3.6.11

W
Washing blue, synthetic detergents, (syndets): 12.12.03.3a
Washing soda, Na₂CO₃.10H₂O, sodium carbonate
Waste chemicals bottles: 7.9.55.1
Watch glass: 1.24
Water (Chemistry): 24.0.0
Water (Physics): 25.0.0
Water glass, sodium silicate, Na₂SiO_3, Silicon compounds, glass 7.2.3 (See 1.)
Wax tapers: 1.18
Waxes, Burn substances in chlorine: 13.4.8 (See 5.)
Waxes, metal foil (0.13 mm), metal granulated, metal powder: 16.3.3.1
Waxoline yellow, dyes, some are hazardous
Weedicides: 16.13.7.0
Weigert's haematoxylin, microscopy stain: 3.26
Weighing devices, balances (Primary): 7.0
Weight, (force), experiments, (Primary): 6.3.04
Wetting agents, detergents: 12.12.04
Wheat starch and gluten: 19.2.22.1
Wheat germ oil
Wheaten cornflour (gluten powder, wheat starch), (wheat gluten is gliadin + glutenin), Food allergies and intolerances: 19.4.2.2 (See 6. Starches)
Whisky, yeast, fermentation, brewing, whisky: 19.2.11
White, egg white, albumen and egg yolk: 19.2.10
White lead, lead carbonate
White paraffin, Vaseline (trade name), petroleum jelly, petrolatum
White phosphorus, P, Do not use in school laboratory: 7.2.2.33b
White spirit, dry cleaning spirit, petroleum distillate, Highly flammable liquid, toxic by inhalation, irritates respiratory system, cumulative effects
Whitewash, carbon dioxide with calcium hydroxide solution (limewater), tests for carbon dioxide: 12.16.1.1
Wijs' solution, iodine chloride, (for iodine number of unsaturated organic compounds) Toxic by all routes, avoid vapours
Winkler method, dissolved oxygen in water: 18.3.2
Wire gauze mats: 1.13
Witherite, barium carbonate, BaCO₃
Wolframite, (Fe, Mn)WO4
Wollastonite, calcium silicate, table spar, Ca₃(Si₃O₉)
Wood alcohol, methanol, CH₃OH
Wood alcohol, methanol
Wood, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, tests for wood: 16.3.1.6
Wood, gases from wood: 3.99
Wool fat, lanolin, better name is wool wax because it is not a fat, from sheep sebaceous glands, used in skin protection and cosmetics
Work, energy, kinetic energy and potential energy: 9.3.0
Work, The units of work and energy, joule and calorie, kilowatt-hour, 21.0.0
Workplace Health and Safety Act, 1995, State of Queensland, Australia: 3.1.0
Wright's stain, Toxic if ingested: 3.19
Wrought iron, Cast iron alloy, steel, wrought iron: 5.5.12

X
Xanthan gum, Sols, Lyophilic sols, Lyophobic sols: 7.8.7.0
Xanthenes, xanthene dyes, Toxic if ingested, skin irritant: 7.9.56.1
Xanthodrol solution, 9-hydroxyxanthene, xanthanol
Xanthoproteic tests, Tests for proteins: 16.6.6
Xanthydrol, 10% W / V in methanol, (test for urea in urine), Toxic if ingested, methanol highly flammable
Xenon properties: 7.2.2.47
Xenon, Xe, Table of the elements: 13.1.40
Xylene cyanol, Toxic if ingested,
Xylenes, C₆H₃(CH₃)₂OH, dimethylbenzenes, (3 isomers not separated), (prepare polyesters, Terylene), Toxic by all routes, highly flammable
Xylene, C₆H₄C₂H₆, curing agent for epoxy resin adhesives, surface coating, paint thinner, irritant
Xylene, solvent for some marker pens and Canada balsam, Xylene solution: 1.12
Xylenol, hydroxydimethylbenzene, (solvent, disinfectant, thermosetting polymer resins)
Xylenol orange, (metal indicator), Toxic if ingested
Xylol, C₆H₄(CH₃)₂, 1,4-dimethylbenzene, p-xylene, Toxic by all routes, highly flammable
Xylol, commercial preparation of xylenes, (oil-immersion microscopy clearing agent, remove immersion oil from objective, prepare specimens for embedding and mounting)
Xylose, D-xylose, wood sugar, C₅H₁₀O₅, naturally occurring reducing sugar, formation of hemicelluloses

Y
Yeast, fermentation, brewing, whisky, fish sauce: 19.2.11
Yeast, Phylum Ascomycota, yeast dried, powder: 9.206.3
Yoghurt, Prepare yoghurt: 4.2.1
Young's modulus, linear modulus, elastic modulus, E: 34.5.04
Ytterbium, Yb, Table of the elements
Ytterbium (III) chloride hexahydrate
Yttrium, Y, Table of the elements, (future supply shortfall, red phosphorescence, with Europium and Terbium in television screens)
Eutectic mixture: 5.5.1
Yttrium (III) oxide

Z
Zenker's fluid, biology fixative: 4.6
Zeolite, e.g. tetrapropylammonium (TPA) ZSM-5
Zephiran, alkydi-methylbenzylammoniumchloride, benz-alkonium chloride
Zinc
Zinc compounds
Zincite, red oxide of zinc, ZnO
Zineb fungicide: 16.13.10
Zircon, Zr(SiO₄) (in ceramic glazes)
Zirconia, zircon-favas, ZrO₂

Tests
Test reagents, Commercially available: 16.7.15
Tests: Lighted splint tests
Tests, food tests: 9.3.11.0
Tests for:
Tests for an unknown substance, qualitative analysis: 12.11.3.0
Tests used in swimming pools: 18a5

Tannic acid and tea, tannin, C₇₆H₅₂O₄₆
Tea was formerly thought to contain tannic acid.
Dyeing mordant), slightly toxic if ingested
Prepare ferric tannate with tea leaves: 16.8.2
Tea with iron (II) sulfate: 12.10.1
Tea with iron (III) salts: 12.10.2
Tea acid with dilute sulfuric acid: 12.10.3
Tea acid with limewater: 12.10.4
Tannins, (kinotannic acid), plant polyphenols, Tannins: 16.3.4.3

Tartaric acid, C₄H₆O_6,(CHOH)₂(COOH)₂, 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid, white powder
Tartaric acid molecule can be in the dextrorotatory, d, or levorotatory (laevorotatory), l, form, refracting light to the right or left, so two mirror isomers (enantiomers)..
Racemic acid is a compound containing equal proportions of l- and d- isomers of tartaric acid, so is optically inactive.
Tartar emetic
Prepare fruit salts: 19.2.13
Racemic: 16.11.15
Tartrate, ester or salt of tartaric acid
Tartrazine, food additive E102, yellow colour, banned in some countries

Taste of acids, solid acids in the home: 12.3.1
Our five senses, (Primary): 1.15
PTC tasters and non-tasters: 9.254.2
Sense of taste, the gustatory system: 9.246
Tasting chemicals: 3.4.9
Taste, smell, flavour: 19.3.1

Tellurium, Te, metalloid, pieces, powder, Highly toxic by all routes, display in sealed containers only
Tellurium, Te, Table of the elements (future supply shortfall)
Tellurium, natural tellurium, Te
Telluric acid
Tellurides, tellurium compounds
Tellurium dioxide
Tellurium hydroxide
Tellurium tetrachloride
Tellurium mineral, natural tellurium
Cadmium telluride thin films in solar cells to replace silicon panels

tert-Amyl alcohol
tert-Butanol, tert-butyl alcohol, tertiary butanol, tertiary butyl alcohol, trimethyl methanol, 2-methylpropan-2-ol, Highly flammable
tert-Butyl amine
tert-Butyl benzene
tert-Butyl bromoacetate
tert-Butyl chloride
tert-Butyl dimethylsilyl chloride
tert-Butyl dimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate
tert-Butyl ethyl ether
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide solution (70% in water)
tert-Butyl phenol
tert-Butyl trichlorosilane

Tests for:
Tests for acetaldehydes, Tollens' test, silver mirror tests for aldehydes
Tests for acetates: 12.11.5.1
Tests for acid radicals in solution: 12.11.5.0
Tests for acids and bases, Acid-base indicators (list): 1.0.0
Tests for acids and bases, Acid-base indicators: 5.6.0
Tests for acid radicals in solution: 12.11.5.0
Tests for adulteration of food by borax with turmeric paper: 19.1.20.9
Tests for air and dissolved oxygen in water, DO: 18.3.0
Tests for albumin and gelatin: 16.6.4
Tests for alcohols, primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic alcohols: 16.1.3.1.1
Tests for alcohols with sodium 3.73 See 7.
Tests for aldehydes in solution, Fehling's tests for aldehydes in solution: 16.3.7
Tests for aldehydes, silver mirror test, Tollens' test: 16.3.5
Tests for anions, tests for acid radicals in solution: 12.11a
Tests for aluminium: 12.11.3.10.1
Tests for aluminium compounds in solution: 12.11.3.9
Tests for aluminium, heat charcoal with fusion mixture, note heated metal appearance: 12.11.3.8
Tests for ammonia: 3.33.1
Tests for ammonium compounds with sodium hydroxide solution: 12.11.3.7
Tests for ammonium radical, NH₄⁺: 12.11.3.10.2
Tests for anions: 12.11a
Tests for antimonates, borates, oxalates: 12.11.5.2a
Tests for antimony: 12.11.3.10.3
Tests for arsenates: 12.11.5.3
Tests for arsenic, heat charcoal with fusion mixture, note heated metal appearance: 12.11.3.8
Tests for ash content of plant dry matter: 9.3.15
Tests for barium: 12.11.3.10.5
Tests for bicarbonates: 12.11.5.4
Tests for bismuth: 12.11.3.10.6
Tests for bismuth, heat charcoal with fusion mixture, note heated metal appearance: 12.11.3.8
Tests for borates: 12.11.5.5
Tests for bromides: 12.11.5.6
Tests for cadmium: 12.11.3.10.7
Tests for calcium: 12.11.3.10.8
Tests for calcium, heat charcoal with fusion mixture, note heated metal appearance: 12.11.3.8
Tests for calcium, Test for the fortification of milk with calcium carbonate: 19.2.23.1b
Tests for carbohydrates, Molisch's test (alpha-naphthol test), Solubility in water: 9.134
Tests for carbohydrate solubility in water: 9.134
Tests for carbon dioxide: 3.34.1
Tests for carbonates: 2.11.5.7
Tests for carbonates and bicarbonates Test for the fortification of milk with calcium carbonate: 19.2.23.1a
Tests for carbonates, magnesium sulfate test, Molisch's test (alpha-naphthol test): 12.11.5.7
Tests for catalase in yeast: 9.3.12
Tests for cations, prepare a solution for group analysis: 12.11b
Tests for cellulose, iodine test: 9.135
Tests for cellulose, solubility test: 9.136
Tests for chewing gum quality by comparing bubbles: 19.2.30
Tests for chlorides: 12.11.5.8
Tests for chlorine: 13.4.3
Tests for chlorine, Electrolysis of sodium chloride solution: 15.5.12 (See 4.)
Tests for chlorine, swimming pool chemistry: 18.7.21.0
Tests for chromates: 12.11.5.9
Tests for chromium: 12.11.3.10.9
Tests for cobalt: 12.11.3.10.10
Tests for copper: 12.11.3.10.11
Tests for copper, Tests for metallic copper: 19.1.20.1
Tests for copper (II) oxide formation: 8.2.12 (See 2.)
Tests for copper: 12.11.3.10.11
Tests for copper, heat charcoal with fusion mixture, note heated metal appearance: 12.11.3.8
Tests for dextrins in toast: 19.3.4.1
Tests for dinitrogen oxide (nitrous oxide): 3.45.1
Tests for elements, tests for metals with flame tests, metals and their compounds: 12.11.3.2
Tests for fats and oils, paper test, Sudan (III) test, solubility test, osmic acid test: 9.137
Tests for fats, proportion of fats in foods: 16.4.5
Tests for food, Food tests: 9.3.11.0
Tests for gases: 12.12
Tests for gases from burning hydrocarbons, oxyacetylene welding: 16.4.6
Tests for glucose and starch with "Testape": 9.182
Tests for glucose, urine test: 19.1.20.4
Tests for glycerol: 12.12.3
Tests for halides, Cl^-, Br^-, I^-, 12.11.5.10
Tests for hardness in water with standard soap solution: 12.13.10
Tests for hard water to form a lather: 12.13.5
Tests for harmful substances in cigarette smoke: 19.2.28
Tests for heat, Heat sensitive paper, cobalt (II) chloride, ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac): 5.3.10
Tests for heat of reaction with chromium (VI) oxide and ethanol: 14.1.9
Tests for heat of reaction with potassium and diethyl ether: 14.1.10
Tests for heat of reaction with potassium permanganate and ethanol: 14.1.8
Tests for heat of reaction with potassium permanganate and glycerol: 14.1.7
Tests for hydrocarbons, gases from burning hydrocarbons: 16.4.6
Tests for hydrogen chloride: 3.42.1.0
Tests for hydrogen gas: 3.41.1.0
Tests for hydrogen gas, Electrolysis of sodium chloride solution: 15.5.12 (See 1. and 2.)
Tests for hydrogen peroxide, ionization reaction: 12.12.6
Tests for hydrogen sulfide solution, ionization of hydrogen sulfide: 3.43.1
Tests for hydrolysis of starch by dilute hydrochloric acid: 9.129
Tests for hydrolysis of starch by salivary amylase (ptyalin): 9.130
Tests for hydrolysis of sucrose by dilute acids: 9.131
Tests for hydroxides: 12.11.5.11
Tests for iodides: 12.11.5.12
Tests for iron: 12.11.3.10.12
Tests for iron in cooking water: 19.3.3a
Tests for ketones: 19.1.20.4.1
Tests for lead: 12.11.3.10.13
Tests for lead, heat charcoal with fusion mixture, note heated metal appearance: 12.11.3.8
Tests for lemon juice effect on apple browning: 19.3.4.2.2
Tests for magnesium: 12.11.3.10.14
Tests for magnesium, heat charcoal with fusion mixture, note heated metal appearance: 12.11.3.8
Tests for magnesium, sodium carbonate test, Titan yellow test: 12.11.3.10.14
Tests for magnesium in compounds: 12.1.12
Tests for manganese: 12.11.3.10.15
Tests for mercury: 12.11.3.10.16
Tests for metal ions in water with EDTA, chelates: 12.13.11\
Tests for metallic radicals: 12.11c
Tests for metals and their compounds, flame tests: 12.11.3.2
Tests for metals, confirmation tests with original solution or solid: 12.11.3.10
Tests for metals in metallic salts and minerals, borax bead tests: 12.11.3.1
Tests for metals with borax beads, metals in metallic salts and minerals: 12.11.3.1
Tests for metals with flame tests, metals and their compounds: 12.11.3.2
Tests for methane gas, burn methane: 16.1.1a.02
Tests for moisture content of plant organs: 9.3.15
Tests for natural and synthetic fabrics: 19.5.1
Tests for nickel: 12.11.3.10.17
Tests for nitrates / nitrites with dipsticks: 19.1.20.6
Tests for nitrates: 12.11.5.13
Tests for nitrogen compounds in food, soda lime test: 9.138
Tests for nitrogen in an organic compound, Kjeldahl method: 16.6.9
Tests for organic acids and alcohols: 16.4.1.0
Tests for oxalates: 12.11.5.14
Tests for oxidase and peroxidase in plant tissues: 9.3.11
Tests for oxidizing agents by change in colour of iron (II) to iron (III): 15.2.8
Tests for oxidizing agents by change in colour of iron with copper (II) sulfate: 15.2.9
Tests for oxygen gas, Electrolysis of sodium chloride solution: 15.5.12 (See 1. and 3.)
Tests for oxygen gas, glowing splint test: 3.49.1
Tests for phosphates: 12.11.5.15
Tests for photosynthesis, Extract chlorophyll from green leaves: 6.5.7
Tests for plastics, natural fibres and synthetic fibres: 3.102
Test for polymers: 3.103
Tests for potassium: 12.11.3.10.18
Tests for potassium with tetraphenylborate: 12.11.3.1.1
Tests for proteins, Albustix test strips: 16.6.8
Tests for proteins, biuret test: 16.6.5
Tests for proteins, burning tests for proteins: 16.6.2
Tests for proteins, heat tests for proteins: 16.6.1
Tests for proteins, Millon's test: 16.6.7
Tests for proteins or amino acids, ninhydrin forms characteristic blue colour on heating
Tests for proteins, Sakaguchi's arginine test: 16.6.10
Tests for proteins, sulfur in proteins: 16.6.11
Tests for proteins, xanthoproteic test: 16.6.6
Tests for reducing sugars and aldehydes, tests for simple sugars, Fehling's test: 9.140
Tests for reducing sugars, Benedict's test, urine test: 9.141
Tests for saponins: 16.3.5.1.6
Tests for silver: 12.11.3.10.19
Tests for silver, heat charcoal with fusion mixture, note heated metal appearance: 12.11.3.8
Tests for simple sugars, reducing sugars, Fehling's test: 9.140
Tests for sodium: 12.11.3.10.20
Tests for solubility of carbohydrates in water: 9.134
Tests for solubility, solubility tests, prepare a solution for group analysis: 12.11.3.3
Tests for standing water: 18.5.0
Tests for starch breakdown to sugars, hydrolysis of starch, iodine test, Fehling's test: 16.10.1
Tests for starch, Fehling's tests for starch: 9.142
Tests for starch, iodine tests for starch: 9.132
Tests for strontium: 12.11.3.10.21
Tests for sugars, simple sugars, reducing sugars, Fehling's test: 9.140
Tests for substances, confirmation tests with original solution or solid: 12.11.3.10
Tests for substances with dilute hydrochloric acid, note gas formed: 12.11.3.5
Tests for substances with hot concentrated sulfuric acid, note gas formed: 12.11.3.6 (See 8. and 9.)
Tests for sugars: 6.5.12
Tests for sulfates: 12.11.5.16
Tests for sulfides: 12.11.5.17
Tests for sulfites: 19.1.22.7
Tests for sulfites: 12.11.5.18
Tests for sulfur dioxide: 3.51.1
Tests for sulfur in proteins: 16.6.11
Tests for tartaric acid: 19.1.20.8
Tests for tin: 12.11.3.10.22
Tests for tin, heat charcoal with fusion mixture, note heated metal appearance: 12.11.3.8
Tests for unknown substances, qualitative analysis: 12.11.3.0
Tests for unsaturated fats, acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution test: 16.4.9.1
Tests for unsaturated fats, bromine water test: 16.4.7.1
Tests for unsaturated hydrocarbons, acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution test: 16.4.9.0
Tests for unsaturated hydrocarbons, alkaline potassium manganate (VII) solution test: 16.4.8
Tests for unsaturated hydrocarbons, bromine water test: 16.4.7.0
Tests for urea, biuret test: 16.6.5
Tests for urea, Urea forms biuret: 16.6.13
Tests for urine, urine tests: 19.1.20.12
Tests for urine, Benedict's test: 9.141
Tests for vitamin C, (L-ascorbic acid): 9.143
Tests for water: 19.1.20.13
Tests for water, Heat copper (II) sulfate-5-water crystals: 8.4.4
Tests for water, standing water: 18.5.0
Tests for water to form lather: 12.13.1
Tests for water with cobalt (II) chloride: 3.31.3
Tests for water, Cobalt (II) chloride paper: 5.3.9
Tests for wood: 9.144
Tests for wood, hemicellulose, lignin: 16.3.1.6
Tests for zinc: 12.11.3.10.23
Tests for zinc, heat charcoal with fusion mixture, note heated metal appearance: 12.11.3.8
Tests for zymase and catalase in yeast: 9.3.12
Tests used in swimming pools: 18a4

Thallium, Tl
Thallium, Tl, Table of the elements
Thallium (I) chloride, thallium chloride, Extremely toxic if ingested or absorbed through skin, cumulative poison, Not permitted in schools
Thallium (III) nitrate trihydrate
Thallium nitrate, Extremely toxic if ingested or absorbed through skin, cumulative poison, Not permitted in schools

Thiocyanates: [RC(=O)SN] salts and esters of thiocyanic acid HSCN, e.g. methyl thiocyanate (CH₃SC =- N)
Cobalt (II) thiocyanate, Co(SCN)₂, cobalt (II) thiocyanate, Harmful, Environment danger, in Scott's reagent test for cocaine
Thiocyanates, Hazards: 3.7.18

Thionyl chloride, SOCl₂, sulfur dichloride oxide, sulfur oxychloride, Toxic by all routes, extremely irritant vapour
Thionyl chloride, Prepare thionyl chloride_:12.18.3.2
Thionyl chloride with water forms hydrogen chloride gas and sulfuric acid.

Thymol, C₁₀H₁₆, monoterpenes, C₁₀ (2 isoprene units), harmful if ingested but not in < 25 mg in throat lozenges: 16.3.5.1.1
Thymol 1-methyl-, 3-hydroxy-, 4-isopropylbenzene
Thymol blue, first range, acid-base indicator, (0.4% aqueous solution in 20% ethanol, UN number 1983), Harmful if ingested
Quantity of indicator per 10 mL: 1.2
Thymol blue, second range, acid-base indicator, solution in ethanol, Harmful if ingested
Quantity of indicator per 10 mL: 2.9

Thiosulfates, List of thiosulfates (not containing toxic heavy metal ions, e.g. lead thiosulfate)
List of thiosulfates (not containing heavy metal ions, e.g. lead thiosulfate): 1.26
Thiosulfates, hazards: 3.7.19
Thiosulfates with acids form sulfur dioxide gas.
Thiosulfates heated to decomposition form sulfur dioxide gas.

Tin, Sn, (stannum) granulated, pellets, foil, sheets, powder, (tin-plated jam tin), pewter
Tin, Sn, Table of the elements
Tin, Sn, natural tin, (Geology)
Tin used in electrochemical cells, reactivity of metals, metal displacement reactions.
Tin fine dust and tin fumes are a heavy metal hazard.
Tin properties: 7.2.2.44
Tin chemical reactions: 12.20.0
Tin-lead alloys: 5.5.10
Tin: 35.20.45
Cassiterite, SnO₂: 35.20.7
Group 2 tests for Bi³⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Sn²⁺: 12.11.4.2
Reactions of tin and tin compounds: 12.20.1
Separate tin from mixture of tin and carbon, (charcoal): 3.18
Tests for tin: 12.11.3.10.22
Weight of tin in solder: 17.6.6

Tin compounds
Tin (II) bromide
Tin (II) chloride, stannous chloride, Harmful if ingested
Tin hydroxide, amphoteric
Tin (II) oxide, SnO, amphoteric
Tin (IV) bromide
Tin (IV) chloride
Tin (IV) fluoride
Tin (IV) oxide, SnO_2, tin dioxide, tinstone, tin oxide, tin ashes, stannic oxide for craft, from cassiterite
Stannic (IV) chloride pentahydrate
Stannic chloride
Stannous bromide
Stannous chloride
Tin-lead alloys: 5.5.10

Tin (II) chloride, SnCl₂.2H₂O, AAS solution, Harmful if ingested
Tin (II) chloride absorbs oxygen from the air to form water insoluble tin oxychloride, so keep in airtight container.
Tin (II) chloride forms explosive mixtures with oxidizing agents, e.g. nitrates, peroxides, nitrites, permanganates.
Prepare solutions of known concentration, Tin (II) chloride: 5.4.18
Tin (II) chloride, hydrated, tin (II) chloride-2-water, SnCl₂.2H₂O, tin salt, crystals,
Tin (II) chloride, For 0.5 M soln., 113 g in 170 mL concentrated HCl, dilute to 1 L + add tin foil
Electrolysis of tin (II) chloride solution: 15.5.20
Electrolysis of tin (II) chloride solution and silver nitrate solution: 15.5.3

Tin (IV) chloride, ( use 0.1 M solution to test for cations), Harmful if ingested, corrosive
Tin (IV) chloride, Solution < 5%, Not hazardous
Tin (IV) chloride forms an explosive mixture with turpentine
Tin (IV) chloride with water forms hydrogen chloride gas.
Tin (IV) chloride-5-hydrate, SnCl₂.5H₂O, For 0.1 M soln., 35 g in 1 L water
Prepare tin (IV) chloride, SnCl₄: 12.20.2

Titanium, Ti, eolo, Table of the elements
Brookite, mineral, TiO2
Ilmenite, mineral, FeTiO₃
Sagenite, mineral, TiO2
Rutile, mineral, titanium (IV) oxide, TiO_2:35.20.37
Titanium (III) chloride
Titanium (III) fluoride
Titanium (III) sulfate solution
Titanium (IV) butoxide
Titanium (IV) isopropoxide
Titanium (IV) oxide, TiO₂, titanium dioxide, nanopowder, fine powder, Anatase mineral, toxic if inhaled
Titanium (IV) propoxide
Titanium dioxide
Titanium tetrachloride, Toxic by all routes
Titanium tetrachloride with water forms hydrogen chloride gas and titanium dioxide
Titanium tetrachloride bottles may be under pressure because of formation of hydrogen chloride
Tantanite, calcium titanium silicate, source of titanium and jewel stone, absorbs ultra-violet light so used to prevent sunburn

Titration, acid-base neutralization, acid with base forms a salt and water: 12.8.0
Titration, heat of a neutralization reaction: 3.82
Titration, microscale titration, sodium hydroxide with dilute acids: 12.8.7
Titration of acids and bases: 3.78

Tollen's reagent, ammoniacal silver nitrate solution, Toxic if ingested, corrosive to skin
Be careful! Tollen's reagent evaporated to dryness is explosive
Silver mirror tests for aldehydes, Tollens' test: 16.3.7.3

Toluene, methylbenzene, CH₃C₆H₅, from benzene C₆H₆, by replacing a H by a CH₃: See diagram 16.8.0
Use ethanol as solvent for dilute solutions.
Toluene is a curing agent for epoxy resin adhesives, surface coating, irritant
Toluene, methylbenzene, toluol, Toxic by all routes, highly flammable, do not inhale vapour
Toluene, Solution < 12.5%. Not hazardous
Toluene diisocyanate, toluene mixd isomers, Highly toxic by all routes, possible carcinogen
Toluene diisocyanate, Solution / mixture < 0.5% not hazardous
Toluene, flammable liquids
Toluene, octane number: See diagram 16.1.1h
Antioxidants, butylated hydroxy toluene, (BHT) E321: See diagram 19.2.1.6
Aromatics, benzene, toluene, naphthalene: 16.3.4.0
Coal tar products: 16.2.10
Relative sweetness of some artificial sweeteners: 19.4.2.4
Separate pigments from green leaves using paper chromatography: 3.24
Steam distillation to find water and fat content of food: 10.5.5

Trichloroacetic acid, trichlorethanoic acid, C₂HCl₃O₂, CCl₃COOH
Highly toxic by all routes, highly corrosive to skin and eyes, highly skin irritant
Trichloroacetic acid, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous

Trimethylamine, [(CH₃)₃N], N(CH₃)₃, CH₃NCH₃CH₃, ammoniacal fishy smell, Flammable, Fish smell: 19.2.21
Trimethylamine, Amines, aliphatic amines, (RNH₂^-), R = alkyl group, ionization reaction of methylamine: 16.2.4.3
Trimethylamine solution, 50%, Harmful if ingested, highly irritant vapour, skin irritant, highly flammable
Trimethylamine solution, 25%
Trimethylamine solution, < 20% Not hazardous

Tungsten, W, (formerly wolfram), scheelite, wolframite: 35.20.48
Tungsten, W, Table of the elements
Tungsten, W, Chemical reactions: 7.2.2.45
Incandescent, filament lamp, light bulb: 33.4.0

Turpentine, wood turpentine, gum spirits, paint thinner, Toxic by all routes, highly flammable
Dienes, isoprene units: 16.1.1.2.2
Gum turpentine, oil of turpentine, from pine trees, pleasant odour but possible skin irritant vapour
Mineral turpentine, "turps", cheapest paint and ink solvent, mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons, avoid vapours, eye and skin contact.
Mineral turpentine, "Turpentine Odourless Thinner", "Turpenoid", solvents with strong smelling hydrocarbons removed so may be undetected
"Turpenoid natural", non-toxic, non-flammable, alternative to mineral turps
Turpentine, vegetable turpentine, e.g. Canada balsam from the balsam fir
Terpenes have linked isoprene units as in natural rubber.
Rosin is a solid amber residue made by the distillation of turpentine using pine stumps. Turpentine contains the terpene called pinene, C₁₀H₁₆.
Turpentine, Toxic by all routes, highly flammable
Turpentine, Mixture / solution < 25%, Not hazardous

Uranium, U
Uranium, U, Table of the elements
Uranium properties: 7.2.2.46
Uraninite: 35.20.46
Uranium: 35.20.47
Pitch blende, UO₂, pitch ore, Uraninite: 35.20.46
Uraninite, pitch blende, pitch ore, UO₂
Uranium, metal, ores, Toxic if ingested, weakly radioactive, avoid direct contact by using disposable gloves
Uranium, U, mineral
Uranium ores are toxic so keep only small samples in demonstration containers

Urea, CO(NH₂)_2, carbamide, urea fertilizer
Proteins, peptides, amino acids: 16.6.1.1
Urea (carbamide), food acid, E927b, browning agent, deodorizer
Prepare urea-formaldehyde resin: 3.101
Prepare urea-formaldehyde resin, (urea methanal) resin: 3.4.6
Reactions of urea with water: 14.2.2
Tests for urea, biuret test: 16.6.5
Tests for urea, urea forms biuret: 16.6.13
Urea agar medium: 9.1.2.21

Urethane: 7.9.54.2
Ethyl carbamate, urethane, blood flow in a fish: 9.217
Polyurethane, Polymer foam: 3.5.1
Urethane, Polyurethanes, PUR, (PU), "urethanes", poly-formaldehyde, (some are thermoset plastics): 3.7.34

Washing soda, Na₂CO₃.10H₂O
Expose sodium carbonate decahydrate, washing soda, to the air: 3.31.2
Prepare hydrogen with aluminium foil and sodium carbonate: 13.2.3.1
Remove water hardness: 12.13.0.2
Washing clothes with washing soda: 19.5.5

24.0.0 Water (Chemistry)
Water, tap water, deionized or demineralized water, distilled water, hard water, soft water
Water molecule: 3.01
Water hardness with EDTA titration: 12.13.12
Water of crystallization: 3.2.0
Water, pH tests: 18.1.0
Water softening with ion exchange resin: 12.13.13
Water stills: 2.5 (Safety)
Fractional crystallization of sea water: 7.7.14
Hardness in water, water hardness: 12.13.0
Ions in a water sample: 18.4.0
Maximum density of water, negative expansion coefficient of water: 11.2.2
Reactions of metals with water: 12.14.01
Separate gases dissolved in a water sample: 3.25
Tests for air and dissolved oxygen in water, dissolved oxygen DO : 18.3.0
Tests for standing water: 18.5.0
Total dissolved solids and suspended solids in water: 18.2.0

25.0.0 Water (Physics)
28.0 Water experiments (Primary)
34.5.03 Bulk modulus, modulus of incompressibility, K
13.2.27 Coanda effect, spoon touches a water stream
23.6.1 Convection currents in water
26.0.0 Ice
11.2.2 Maximum density of water, negative expansion coefficient of water
22.5.01 Specific heat of water
22.5.2 Specific heat of water by electrical method
4.31 Temperature of water at maximum density, 4^oC
4.130 Water drop magnifier, water lens
11.2.2 Water expands when it freezes
Water gas
12.15.5.1 Water gas, Heated carbon with steam, water gas:
7.9.56 Water glass, sodium or potassium silicate:
23.7.8 Water is a poor conductor of heat, boil water in a balloon
18.7.0 Water pollution
2.5 Water stills (Safety)
22.10.1 Waterfall (potential energy)

Waxoline yellow AD (C.I. Solvent Yellow 2)
Waxoline yellow ED (C.I. Solvent Yellow 56)
Waxoline yellow ED (Hodgson Oil Yellow GE)
Waxoline yellow I (C.I. Solvent Yellow 14)
Waxoline yellow T (C.I. Solvent Yellow 33)

Zinc, Zn, metal, dust, powder, foil, strip, AAS standard solution, granulated (arsenic free), dry cell battery case, dust Highly flammable
Used as foil in a dry cell or flashlight battery. Use zinc powder or granulated zinc for experiments. Used in galvanized iron sheets to prevent the iron from rusting. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
Zinc, Zn, Table of the elements,
Zinc mineral: 35.20.50 (Geology)
Zinc blocks from electronics supply shops for anodes. Building supplies shops may sell zinc sheets for roof flashing
Zinc blende, ZnS
Zinc dust, ignites on heating, explosive mixtures with S, Br₂, I₂, explosive if finely dispersed in air, Toxic if inhaled
Zinc metal, granules, foil (electrochemical cells, reactivity of metals, displacement reactions, form hydrogen with dilute acids)
Zinc properties: 7.2.2.48
Zinc dust decolorizes bromine water
Zinc, Reactions of zinc and zinc compounds: 12.21.1
Zinc displaces lead from lead nitrate solution: 12.14.1
Zinc plating, electroplating, zinc plating of copper: 15.1.6
Zinc residues: 3.7
Zinc toxicity: 3.6.16
Zinc with copper (II) sulfate solution: 12.14.2.1
Zinc with copper (II) sulfate solution: 12.14.2.3
Zinc with copper (II) sulfate solution, heat from a displacement reaction: 14.1.6
Zinc with copper in sulfuric acid: 12.14.2.5
Zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid, prepare hydrogen gas: 3.41.0
Zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid, rates of reaction, count bubbles: 17.1.1
Zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid, rates of reaction, volume of gas: 17.1.2
Zinc with dilute sulfuric acid, Galvanic cell, electrochemical cell: 3.84.3
Zinc with lead nitrate solution, iron in copper (II) sulfate solution: 12.14.2.4
Zinc with sulfur, zinc with iodine, reactions of two elements: 3.70
Acids with zinc: 12.5.2
Alkalis with zinc: 12.5.3
Combustion of zinc: 12.5.1
Group 4 tests for Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺: 12.11.4.4
Heat zinc with copper (II) oxide: 12.17.2.1
Electrical energy from displacement of metals: 3.84.0
Tests for zinc: 12.11.3.10.23
Zincate, ZnO₂

Zinc compounds
Smithsonite, calamine, zinc spar, galmei, ZnCO₃, (basic zinc carbonate, ZnCO₃.2ZnO.3H₂O): 35.20.40
Zinc acetate, zinc ethanoate, harmful if ingested
Zinc acetate dihydrate
Zinc benzoate
Zinc bloom, hydrozincite, Zn[(OH)₃(CO₃)]₂.5H₂O, weathering production zinc deposit
Zinc bromide
Zinc carbonate, ZnCO_3,harmful if ingested, calamine, zinc spar, smithsonite: 35.20.40
Zinc carbonate, ZnCO₃, (basic zinc carbonate, ZnCO₃.2ZnO.3H₂O)
Zinc carbonate basic, ZnCO₃.2ZnO.3H₂O, smithsonite, calamine (calamine lotion for itches and rashes)
Zinc chloride anhydrous, ZnCl₂, zinc (II) chloride anhydrous, Harmful if ingested, corrosive to skin, eyes
Zinc chloride, Solution / mixture < 5%, Not hazardous
Zinc chloride with sodium hydroxide: 12.7.7.1
Zinc chloride, (soln) 32% in HCl soldering flux, "killed spirits", butter of zinc, Harmful, Environment danger, Corrosive, (COR 2331)
Zinc chromate, yellow rust prevention primer on Fe and Al, Highly toxic if ingested or absorbed through skin, carcinogenic, do not inhale particles
Zinc chromate is use as yellow rust prevention primer on Fe and Al but it is not suitable for this because of chromium toxicity.
Zinc chromate, Solution / mixture < 0.1%, Not hazardous
Zinc gluconate, in medicine for common cold
Zinc hydroxide, amphoteric
Zinc iodide, ZnI₂, beige powder, Harmful, corrosive
Zinc nitrate hexahydrate, hydrated, Zn(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, Harmful if ingested, Explosive mixtures with combustibles and organic compounds, toxic fumes
Zinc oxide, ZnO, amphoteric, (sunscreen cream), Dilute acids and basic oxides, zinc oxide: 12.3.5.1
Zinc oxide, flowers of zinc, philosopher's wool, spartalite, zincite, zinc white, Chinese white, Heat zinc oxide: 8.3.2
Zinc oxide with ammonium nitrate and some water may explode.
Zinc perchlorate
Zinc phosphate, primer, rust prevention
Zinc residues: 3.7
Zinc sulfate, Zinc sulfate 6H₂O, zinc sulfate(VI)-7-water
Zinc sulfate heptahydrate, ZnSO₄.7H₂O, For 0.1 M soln., 28.8 g in 1 L water
Zinc sulfate monohydrate
Zinc sulfate heptahydrate, ZnSO₄.7H₂O, zinc sulfate(VI)-7-water, (electrochemical cells), Harmful if ingested, sulfur dioxide formed when heated
Zinc sulfate hydrated, goslarite, white vitriol, white copperas, Tests for oxidizing agents, zinc and copper (II) sulfate, 15.2.10
Zinc sulfide, ZnS, white-yellow solid, soluble, sublimes, sphalerite or zinc blende, phosphor, pigment.
zinc sulfide, mock ore, mock lead, black jack, Toxic if ingested, skin irritant: 35.20.41
Zinc sulfide with acids forms hydrogen sulfide gas.
Zinc sulfite

Zirconium, Zr
Zirconium, Zr, Table of the elements
Zirconium properties: 7.2.2.49
Zircalloy, Zr + Sn, Fe, Cr
Zirconate (IV), ZrO₃^-
Zirconium (IV) oxynitrate hydrate
Zirconium acetate
Zirconium carbonate
Zirconium nitrate, Toxic if ingested, inhalation harmful, skin sensitization by contact, explosion by shock or friction or ignition, use small amounts
Zirconium nitrate with acids forms nitrogen dioxide gas.
Zirconium oxychloride octahydrate
Zirconate, lead-zirconate-titanate, (PZT) piezoelectricity, 32.1.2
Zirconium, pegmatite, green zircon, ZrSiO₄, a silicate of zirconium: 35.21.3
Zirconium (IV) oxide, ZrO₂, zirconia, baddeleyite, for craft, fuel cell electrolyte.

Zircon, ZrSiO_4,jacinth, jargoons, Matura diamonds
Zircon, pegmatite, beryl, topaz, tourmaline: 35.21.3
Zircon sand
Zircon, separate solids using density differences: 3.27
Zircon dioxide, ZrO₂, zircon (IV) oxide, cubic zircona (CZ), substitute diamond, not "zircon".