topicIndexl

School Science Lessons
Chemistry index and minerals L
2012-05-20 SP
Please send comments to: J.Elfick@uq.edu.au

Table of contents
| 1,2,3 | A | B | C | DEF | GH | IJK | L | M | N | O | P | QR | S | T to Z |

Index, items L
L-Ethyl lactate
L-Glycine
L-Glutamine
L-Threonine
Labile: 7.9.36
Laboratory equipment: 22.8.0
Laboratory safety: 3.0.0
Laboratory safety and hazardous chemicals: 15.3.0
Laboratory safety for physics teaching, Workplace Health and Safety Act: 7.
Part 18. Laboratory safety (internet addresses)
Laboratory gas, lab gas
Lacquer thinners, thinners
Lactams, (-NH(CO-), caprolactam, (6-hexanelactam), (C₆H₁₁NO): 16.3.4.0.3
Lactase, Enzyme Technology, pectinase, amylase, protease, lipase, lactase: 4.2.7.1
Lactic acid, C₃H₆O₃
Lactase: 7.1.3
Lacto-alcohol, insect fixing fluid: 4.12
Lactones: 1.5.2
Lactophenol cotton blue, microscopy stain: 3.18
Lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB), to identify fungi: 6.7
Lactophenol, microscopy stain: 3.17
Lactose, broth for microbiology
Langbeinite, K₂Mg₂(SO₄)₃, may be in in "potash" fertilizers
Laminin
Lamotrigine
Lampblack, pigment, (80-85% carbon + oils), (combusted mineral oil, turpentine in limited air supply)
Lanolin, wool fat, palmitate and stearate esters of cholesterol, (from sheep sebaceous glands, used in cosmetics)
Lanthanoids (lanthanide series), rare earth elements, atomic numbers 58 Ce* to 71: Period 6a
Lanthanum
Lapis lazuli, lazurite: 35.20.55
Laser safety: 7.5.0
Latex
Laudanum, opium diluted in wine with cloves and other spices, formerly a common medicine, e.g. "poppy-head tea"
Laughing gas, Nitrous oxide (dinitrogen monoxide), N₂O: 13.1.27
Lauryl alcohol
Laurel oil
Lauric acid, dodecanoic acid, CH₃(CH₃)₁₀COOH
Lavender oil, lavender flower oil, mainly linalyl acetate, Lavandula latifolia, insect repellent, dog inhibitor, air freshener, pain relief
Law, First law of thermodynamics, Chemical potential energy (enthalpy): 7.9.14.1
Law of mass action, law of chemical equilibrium
Lawrencium, Lw, Table of the elements
Lead
Lead accumulator cell, car battery: 33.2.0
Lead compounds
Lead paint, lead in paint: 7.2.2.23a
Lead pencil, the "lead" or "blacklead" is graphite (plumbago) + some iron, but no lead
Leavening agents: 19.1.6.0
Leaves, distil essences from leaves and flowers: 10.5.4
LeBlanc process, Prepare sodium carbonate, LeBlanc process: 12.16.8
Leclanché cell, Cells and batteries, electrochemical cells: 33.3.0
Leclanché cell, dry cell: 3.88
Lecithin, biological fat, cell wall component,
Leclanche cell, dry cell with ammonium chloride: 3.88
Lectins, proteins that can clump red blood cells like antibodies, ricin from castor oil beans, activity is destroyed by cooking
Legheamoglobin: 16.3.5.2.4
Leishmann's stain, solid, (or use ready-made Wright's stain), microscopy stain for white blood cells: 3.19
Lemon cell: 33.3.4
Lemon, lemon juice, Tests for lemon juice effect on apple browning: 19.3.4.2.1
Lemon oil, oil from lemon peel, D-limonene, a terpene, furniture polish, inhibits spiders and insects, tain remover.
Length, metre: 6.3.1.1
Leucine, Separate amino acids with paper chromatography: 10.2.2.5
Leucine, Table of the 20 α-amino acids: 16.3.6.1.2 (See 11.)
Leuco dyes, Thermochromism, Colour Changing Ducks: See pdf
Ligands, list of ligands
Ligands, metals with ligands: 12.15.6
Light bulb, Incandescent, filament lamp: 33.4.0
Light oil, sewing machine oil, WD-40 penetrating oil to prevent corrosion
Light stick, chemical light stick, Chemiluminescence, bioluminescence: 14.3.0
Lighted splint tests
Lignans, plant phenols: 16.3.4.4
Lignin
Ligroin, petroleum fraction 60-150^oC used as a solvent
Lime
Limonene, d-limonene, Toxic if ingested, (steam distillation of orange peel then use cyclohexane to extract limonene)
Limonite, FeO(OH) (Geology)
Linamarin, cyanogenic glucoside, Toxic content of cassava and detoxification: 21.0
Lindane, gammexane, BHC, benzene hexachloride: 16.13.3
Linoleic acid, (C₁₇H₃₁COOH), unsaturated fatty acid, in vegetable oils, cis and trans forms: 19.2.1.1.1
Linseed oil, seeds of flax Linum usitatissimum, glycerides of oleic acid and other unsaturated acids,
Linseed oil to condition and seal bare wood in putty, paints, varnishes, for cricket bats, linoleum, outdoor furniture
Lipase, Test for activity of lipase in castor oil seeds: 9.3.14
Lipase, Enzyme Technology, pectinase, amylase, protease, lipase, lactase: 4.2.7.1
Lipids: 16.3.3.0.4
Lipids, fats and oils, fatty acids, glycerides: 16.3.3.0
Lipoprotein, fat combined with protein, in cell membranes
Lipsticks (cosmetics): 19.7.2
Liquefied Petroleum Gas, LPG
Liquid crystals, Thermochromism, Colour Changing Ducks: See pdf
Thermochromic Things: M31 (Purchase online)
Liquid paraffin
Liquid, states of matter, solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), aqueous solution (dissolved in water), (aq)
Lists of chemicals: 15.1.0
Lithage, PbO, lead (II) oxide, lead monoxide, lead oxide, massicot, (amphoteric)
Lithium
Lithium compounds
Litmus
Live animals, laboratory safety, Biological hazards and use of live animals: 3.2.5
Liver of sulfur, K₂S, potassium sulfide, alkaline mixture of mainly potassium polysulfides that turns silver black
Lotion, Solutions used in making herbal remedies, infusion, decoction, tincture: 5.04
Low-cost chemicals and common substances: 15.0.4
Low-cost equipment, simple equipment: 1.12.0
LPG (liquefied petroleum gas, LP gas)
LSD, hallucinogenic drugs: 11.11.9
Lubricating oil, motor oil, fractional distillation: 16.1.12.6
Lucite, (Perspex), Polymethyl methacrylate, PMMA, acrylic glass, e.g. Plexiglass
Luminescence: 35.13.4 (Geology)
Luminescence, chemiluminescence, bioluminescence: 14.3.0
Luminescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, fluorescence: 7.2.2.33.1
Luminol, 5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione, chemiluminescent reactions: 14.3.0.1
Luminous intensity, candela: 6.3.1.7
Lutetium, Lu, Table of the elements
Lycopodium, Lycopodium sp., fine yellow powder, Highly flammable
Lycopodium, Club moss, Phylum Lycopodiophyta, Lycophyta: 9.49
Lyophilic sols, Sols: 7.8.7.0
Lyophobic sols, Sols: 7.8.7.0
L-lysine monohydrochloride
Lysine, Table of the 20 α-amino acids: 16.3.6.1.2 (See 12.)

Lactic acid, C₃H₆O_3,CH₃CHOHCOOH,85%, 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, skin irritant: 1.5.1
Anatomy and physiology of meat: 19.3.2
Baking powder
Candidiasis (Thrush) Candida albicans: 10.10.2
Emulsifiers, food additives, (E472b
Lactic acid esters of monoglycerides and diglycerides of fatty acids): 19.4.4.14
Food acids, food additives, (E270 Lactic acid): 19.4.4.18
Humectants, bulking agents, food additives, (E325 Sodium lactate, E326 Potassium lactate, E328
Ammonium lactate, E329 Magnesium lactate, E328 Ammonium lactate): 19.4.4.20
Prepare carbon dioxide, heat hydrogen carbonates: 13.7.7
Lactase: 7.1.3
Lactic acid, 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, CH₃CH(OH)COOH: 1.5.1
Lactones: 1.5.2
Leavening agents: 19.1.6.0
Make yoghurt (activity for primary grade 4 students, about 9 years old): 4.2.1
Make yoghurt, a report from Turkey: 4.2.1a
Make yoghurt, test milk quality: 4.3.17
Prepare lactic acid with sourdough: 4.2.3
Prepare lactic acid with milk: 12.7.10
Prepare yoghurt: 4.2.1
Spironolactone: 1.5.3
Tests for lactic acid solution: 12.7.11
Yeast, fermentation, brewing, whisky, fish sauce: 19.2.11 (See 3.)
Yoghurt and lactic acid bacteria: 9.3.0

Lactose, C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁.H₂O, milk sugar lactitol, from milk sugar, food additive E966, sweetener, texturizer, humectant, E279
Lactose, disaccharides: 16.3.1.4.0
Lactose intolerance: 19.4.2.2.4
Tests for glucose, urine test: 19.1.20.4

Lanthanum, La, Table of the elements, phosphorescent in energy saving light bulbs,
Lanthanum with Cerium, Ce, component of mischmetal: negative electrode nickel hydride battery, cigarette lighter ignition element
Lanthanum chloride
Lanthanum chloride AAS
Lanthanum nitrate
Lanthanum oxide
Lanthanum perchlorate

Latex, emulsion of rubber globules in water, globules of synthetic materials, latex paints, latex tubing, 5 mm bore, metre 5 M
Condom, male latex condom: 10.7.6
Latex, Terpenes: 16.3.5.1 (See 3.)
Model diving bell, model submarine, diving bottle: 11.4.7
Natural polymers: 3.4.1.0
Vulcanization, 3.6.11
Order online: Rubber Flubber Experiment Kit, natural polymer, latex
Order online: Thermoplastic Polymer, polycaprolactone

Lauric acid, dodecanoic acid, CH₃(CH₃)₁₀COOH, as glycerides in milk, palm oil, coconut oil, laurel oil

Lauryl alcohol, dodecanol, dodecam-1-ol, n-dodecanol, CH₃(CH₂)₁₁OH, Irritant, (detergent manufacture)
Lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecylsulfate
Lauryl peroxide, di(docecanoyl) peroxide, dilauroyl peroxide, Toxic if ingested
Lauryl peroxide, Solution <20%, Not dangerous
Lauryl tryptose, broth

Law of mass action and:
Chemical equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium: 17.5.0
Heat nitrogen tetroxide (dinitrogen tetroxide, N₂O₄): 17.5.6.2
Reversible reactions, effect of alteration of concentration: 17.5.5.0
Reversible reactions, hydrolysis of bismuth chloride: 17.5.5.1

Lead, Pb, (plumbum), metal foil 0.3 mm, powder, filings, strip, sheet, grain, lead AAS std, lead cell test kit (0.5-5 mg / L)
Lead, Pb, lead shot, fishing sinkers, roof guttering
Lead, Harmful chronic poison if long-term exposure from pipe work, pottery glazes, containers, dusts
Lead occurrence, galena: 35.20.22 (Geology)
Lead, Pb, Table of the elements
Lead properties: 7.2.2.23
Lead chemical reactions: 12.9.0
Lead paint: 7.2.2.23a
Lead cell, prepare a lead cell accumulator: 3.87
Lead cell, prepare electrolyte for a lead accumulator cell: 8.6
Lead, group 1 tests for Ag⁺, Pb²⁺: 12.11.4.1
Lead paint: 7.2.2.23a
Lead toxicity: 3.6.8
Lead residues: 3.3
Potential difference by combining half cells, zinc and copper, zinc and lead: 15.7.2
Reactions of lead (II) salts, Pb²⁺: 12.9.1
Reactions of lead (IV) salts, Pb⁴⁺: 12.9.2
Separate sand and lead powder by panning: 10.8.1
Tests for lead, potassium iodide test, rhodizonic acid test: 12.11.3.10.13
Tests for lead, heat charcoal with fusion mixture, note heated metal appearance: 12.11.3.8
Tetraethyl lead: 7.2.2.23b

Lead compounds
Lead (II) bromide,Electrolysis of melted lead (II) bromide: 15.5.2
Lead (II) bromide, Solution < 1% Not hazardous
Lead (II) carbonate
Lead (II) chloride, PbCl₂, lead chloride, Highly toxic by all routes
Lead (II) chloride, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous
Lead (II) chromate, lead chromate, very insoluble in water, Highly toxic by all routes
Lead chromate pigment, (Naples yellow), is a highly toxic cumulative poison
Lead (II) chromate, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous
Lead (II) ethanoate, Pb(CH₃COO)₂, lead acetate, lead (II) acetate, sugar of lead
Lead (II) ethanoate, lead acetate, lead ethanoate, (for testing anions), Toxic by all routes, cumulative poison
Lead (II) ethanoate, lead acetate, Solution < 0.5%, Not hazardous
Lead (II) iodide, PbI₂, lead iodide, lead diiodide, Highly toxic, cumulative poison
Lead (II) iodide, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous
Lead (II) nitrate, lead nitrate, Highly toxic by all routes, cumulative poison, Oxidizing, Environment danger
Lead (II) nitrate, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous
Lead oxide
Lead (II) sulfate, PbSO₄, lead sulfate, green vitriol, blue lead, white lead, Highly toxic by all routes, cumulative poison
Lead (II) sulfate, (previously in white lead paint)
Lead (II) sulfate, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous
Lead (II) sulfide, PbS, lead sulfide, lead glance, blue lead, Highly toxic by all routes, cumulative poison, galena: 35.20.15 (Geology)
Lead (II) sulfide, Solid mixture < 1%, Not hazardous
Lead (II) thiocyanate
Lead (II/IV) oxide, Toxic by all routes, cumulative poison
Lead (IV) acetate, lead (IV) ethanoate, Pb(CH₃COO)_4,lead tetra-acetate
Lead (IV) oxide, PbO₂, lead dioxide, lead peroxide, Highly toxic by all routes, cumulative poison
Lead (IV) oxide, Solid mixture < 1%, Not hazardous
Lead (IV) tetraethyl, tetraethyl lead, lead tetra-ethyl: 7.2.2.2
Lead (IV) tetraethyl, Pb(C₂H₅)_4:7.2.2.23b
Lead antimonate,Naples yellow for craft, antimonate of lead
Lead azide, Pb(N₃)₂, contact explosive, in detonators
Lead dioxide
Lead hydroxide, amphoteric
Lead manganese oxide, coronadite, Pb₂Mn₈O₁₆: 35.20.12 (Geology)
Lead nitrate AAS Solution
Lead (II) nitrate, Pb(NO₃)₂
Lead oxide, PbO, amphoteric, lead (II) oxide, lead monoxide, plumbous oxide, litharge, massicot, Toxic
Lead residues: 3.3
Lead sulfate, PbSO₄, lead (II) sulfate, basic lead (II) sulfate, Toxic, anglesite: 35.20.1 (Geology)
Minium, Pb₃O₄, Red oxide of lead
Pyromorphite, Pb₅(PO₄)₃Cl, (lead phosphate): 35.20.33 (Geology)

Lead (II) acetate, lead (II) acetate 3H₂O, lead ethanoate
Lead (II) acetate, lead (II) ethanoate, dissociation: Pb(CH₃COO)₂ (aq) <--> Pb²⁺ + 3CH₃COO^-
Lead acetate, lead (II) ethanoate, sugar of lead, (HARM 1616), crystals, Pb(CH₃COO)₂.3H₂O
Lead (II) acetate, lead (II) ethanoate, For 0.1 M soln., 38 g in 1 L water + dilute ethanoic acid to clear
Lead (II) acetate, lead (II) ethanoate, test paper for H₂S

Lead (II) carbonate, PbCO₃, cerussite, basic lead carbonate, (PbCO₃+ Pb(OH)₂), white lead, (basic lead carbonate)
Lead (II) carbonate, PbCO₃, lead carbonate, lead carbonate basic, white lead flux, paint pigment, Highly toxic by all routes
Lead (II) carbonate, cerussite, ceruse: 35.20.8 (Geology)
Lead (II) carbonate Solution / mixture < 1%, Not hazardous
Lead (II) carbonate hydroxide, PbCO₃.Pb(OH)₂, white lead, basic lead carbonate, flux, paint pigment

Lead (II) nitrate, white to colourless large crystals, reactivity series, lead nitrate, Highly toxic by all routes, cumulative poison
Lead (II) nitrate, (HARM 1469), Pb(NO₃)₂, lead nitrate, Oxidizing, Environment dangers
Lead (II) nitrate, zinc displaces lead from lead nitrate solution: 12.14.1
Lead (II) nitrate, For 0.1 M soln., 33 g in 1 L water
Lead (II) nitrate, Prepare nitrogen dioxide, {nitrogen (IV) oxide, NO₂}: 3.47 (See 2.)
Lead (II) nitrate, Tests for hydrogen sulfide solution, ionization of hydrogen sulfide: 3.43.1 (See 2.)

Lead oxide
Lead (II) oxide mono, lead monoxide, PbO, yellow lead oxide, amphoteric, litharge, massicot
Lead (II) oxide, PbO, amphoteric, lead (II) oxide, lead monoxide, plumbous oxide, litharge, massicot, Toxic
Lead (II) oxide, Lead monoxide pigment, (yellow 46), is a highly toxic cumulative poison.
Lead (II) oxide, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous
Lead (II/IV) oxide, Pb₃O_4,triplumbic tetroxide, lead tetroxide, red lead, Toxic by all routes, cumulative poison
Lead (II/IV) oxide, red lead oxide, Pb₃O₄, (2PbO.PbO₂), dilead (II) lead (IV) oxide, (red lead, anticorrosive paint pigment)
Lead (II/IV) oxide, Reduce red lead to lead and oxygen: 10.10.1
Lead (II/IV) oxide, Solid mixture < 1%, Not hazardous
Lead (IV) oxide, PbO₂, lead dioxide, car battery plates, lead-acid accumulator, (+ve accumulator electrode)
Lead (IV) oxide, lead tetroxide pigment, (red 105), is a highly toxic cumulative poison

Lighted splint tests for:
Carbon dioxide: 3.34.1.1
Chlorine: 13.4.3
Hydrogen chloride: 3.42.1.4
Hydrogen gas: 3.41.1

Lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, Tests for wood, hemicellulose, lignin: 9.144
Lignin test, 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene, (use 1% solution in ethanol as wood stain, test for lignin (bright red colour)
Cellulose digestion: 9.214
Characteristics and functions of plant tissue types: 9.0.1 (See 8a.)
Iodine solution, biology solution, tests for starch, tests for lignin: 1.6
Microbial decomposition of thin paper, cigarette paper: 4.2.7 (See 2.)
Phenolic compounds: 16.3.2.5

Lime, usually CaO, lump, lime, quicklime, powder, Toxic if ingested or by skin contact, but also Ca(OH)₂ and CaCO₃
Lime (quicklime and slaked lime): 34.3.1 Lime
Chalk: 35.22.3 (Geology)
Chalk, (lime) content of the soil (Agriculture): 6.43
Lime, limestone, agricultural lime, quicklime, CaO
Lime sulfur fungicide, CaS_x: 16.13.60
Lime sulfur, calcium polysulfide, lime sulfur, CaSx, orange-red, pH 10-12, [Ca(OH)₂ + S], agricultural fungicide
Limestone, calcium carbonate, stone dust: 35.22.7 (Geology)
Limewater, lime water, (CaOH)_2, calcium hydroxide
Limewater test for carbon dioxide: 3.34.1.2
Marble, marble chips, 4-6 mm. 9-12 mm: 35.23.3 (Geology)
Prepare quicklime: 34.3.2

Limewater (lime water), saturated calcium hydroxide solution, Ca(OH)₂
Heat a hydrogen carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, (sodium bicarbonate): 12.16.4
Heat different carbonates, carbonates of Cu, Mg, Na, Pb and Zn: 12.16.3
Heat limewater, (calcium carbonate): 8.4.2
Limewater with clay suspension: 7.6.2.1
Prepare limewater, ionization of calcium hydroxide: 5.3.5
Reactions of metals with water, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, Al: 12.15.1
Tests for carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide through calcium hydroxide solution, limewater: 12.16.1.1

Lithium, Li, lithium metal, lithium ribbon, lithium in paraffin liquid
Lithium, Li, Table of the elements
Lithium properties: 7.2.2.24
Lithium, Reactions of lithium with water: 12.9.3
Substances that gain mass when heated, Prepare lithium oxide: 3.28.2

Lithium compounds (very toxic)
Lithium acetate
Lithium acetate dihydrate
Lithium aluminium hydride, lithium tetrahydroaluminate, Toxic by all routes, Not permitted in schools
Lithium aluminium silicate, spodumene, forms 6 m crystals
Lithium amide
Lithium benzoate
Lithium bromide
Lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃ for craft, flux, glaze, tranquillizer for mental disorders, white solid, Toxic if ingested, skin irritant
Lithium chloride, LiCl, lithium chloride anhydrous, very hygroscopic, lithium chloride hydrated, Toxic if ingested
Lithium hydride, Toxic by all routes, fine particles mixed with air is explosive, reacts violently with water to form dangerous hydrogen
Lithium hydroxide, LiOH, white crystals, strong alkali, absorbs CO₂, Toxic if ingested, corrosive to skin
Lithium hydrogen carbonate, LiHCO₃, tranquillizer for mental disorders
Lithium iodide
Lithium iodide hydrate
Lithium metaborate
Lithium niobate
Lithium nitrate, Toxic if ingested, explosive mixture with combustibles or organic compounds
Lithium oxide, Li₂O, lithia
Lithium perchlorate
Lithium sulfate, Li₂SO₄, lithium sulfate hydrate, lithium sulfate monohydrate, Li₂SO₄.H₂O, Harmful
Lithium battery

Litmus, litm:us solution, granulated litmus, tournesol, (acid-base indicator, 2.4): 2.4
Litmus paper has the acid / base indicator absorbed into it.
Litmus powder blue colouring agent may irritate the eyes. Used to colour beverages.
Litmus acid / indicator is extracted mainly from the lichen Rocella tinctoria
Litmus paper, prepare litmus solution, test acid-base indicator: 5.3.7
Litmus tests for ammonia: 3.33.1.3
Litmus tests for hydrogen gas: 3.41.1.1
Litmus tests for carbon dioxide: 3.34.1.5
Moist litmus paper tests for hydrogen chloride: 3.33.1.3

LPG (liquefied petroleum gas, LP gas)
LPG, liquefied petroleum gas (methane, ethane, propane, butane), LPG: 16.1.12.1
LPG, propane (C₃H₈), LP gas: 16.1.1c
LP gas (bottled gas), hazards: 3.8.8