topic16c

School Science Lessons
Topic 16c Alkaloids from plants, drugs from plants, essential oils, fixed oils
Classification of hydrocarbons and plant products.
Updated 2012-01-25

Table of contents
16.3.6.4 Alkaloids from plants
16.3.6.5 Drugs from plants
16.3.3.0.3 Essential oils, volatile oils, ethereal oils
16.3.3.0.2 Fixed oils

Oils
Almond oil
Aniline oil
Clove oil, oil of cloves, contains eugenol, caryophyllene, (used in dentistry)
Coconut oil: 19.2.1.11
Coconut oil: Fatty acids in coconut oil and other oils: 15.1
Composition of edible oils: 19.2.1.1.1
Eucalyptus oil
Evening primrose oil
Lavender oil
Lemon oil
Linseed oil
Neatsfoot oil
Oil of wintergreen, methyl salicyclate
Pear oil, Prepare amyl acetate: 16.5.6
Pennyroyal oil
Red oil, oleic acid
Tea tree oil
Tung oil
Vanilla oil
Vegetable oil

16.3.3.0.2 Fixed oils
The fixed oils, (non-volatile oils, true oils, vegetable oils, aromatherapy oils), make a permanent greasy mark on paper, cannot be distilled unchanged and do not evaporate at room temperature, so are called carrier oils. They are glycerides of fatty acids. They do not volatilize on heating without decomposition. They harden on exposure to the air. Fixed oils are extracted from seeds or nuts by different methods so they can be classed as unrefined, cold-pressed, expeller-pressed and refined.

Aguaje oil, (Buriti oil)
Almond butter
Almond oil sweet
Andiroba oil
Apricot kernel oil
Arachis oil, (peanut oil)
Argane oil
Avocado butter
Avocado oil
Babassu nut oil
Baobab oil
Bayberry oil, (Laurel seed oil)
Beeswax
Ben oil, (Moringa oil)
Bilberry seed oil
Blackcurrant seed oil
Borage oil
Brazil nut oil
Calendula oil
Calophyllum inophylum oil, (Tamanu nut oil)
Camelina sativa oil
Camellia oil
Candlenut oil, (Aleurites moluccana)
Canola oil, (Brassica napus)
Cape Chestnut oil
Capuacu butter
Caraway black oil
Carrot oil
Cashew kernel oil
Castor oil, (Ricinus communis)
Chaulmoogra seed oil, (castor oil)
Cherry kernel oil
Chia oil
Cocoa butter
Cocoa oil organic
Coconut oil, (Cocos nucifera), (refined, fractionated and hydrogenated)
Cod liver oil
Coffee oil
Coffee butter
Corn oil corn oil, (Zea mays)
Cotton seed oil, cottonseed oil, (Gossypium)
Crabwood oil, (Andiroba seed)
Cranberry seed oil
Cumin black oil
Dhupa butter
Echium seed oil
Emu oil from the emu bird
Evening primrose oil
Flax seed oil, (Linseed oil)
Gold of pleasure oil, (Camelina sativa)
Grapeseed oil
Groundnut oil, (Peanut oil), (Arachis hypogea)
Hazelnut oil
Helianthus annus oil, (Sunflower oil), (Helianthus annuus)
Hempseed oil
Illipe butter
Jojoba oil
Kalahari oil
Karanja oil
Kemiri oil, (Kukui nut oil)
Kiwifruit oil
Kokum butter, (Garcinia indica)
Krabwood oil, (Andiroba oil)
Kukui nut oil
Lard, (pig fat)
Laurel seed oil
Lettuce seed oil
Lingonberry oil
Linseed oil
Macadamia nut oil
Mango kernel butter
Mango seed oil
Manketti nut oil
Margosa oil
Marigold oil, (Calendula oil)
Marula oil
Meadowfoam seed oil
Mobola plum oil
Mongongo seed oil, (Manketti oil)
Moringa oil
Mowrah butter
Mustard oil, (Brassica campestris)
Neem oil
Ngali nut oil
Olive oil
Ootanga oil, (Watermelon oil)
Orchid oil
Palm nut oil, palm oil, (Elaeis guineensis)
Papaya seed oil
Parinari oil
Passionflower oil
Passionseed oil
Peach kernel oil
Peanut oil
Pecan nut oil
Perilla seed oil
Phulwara butter
Pistachio nut oil
Plum kernel oil
Pomegranate oil
Poppy seed oil
Pumpkin seed oil
Rapeseed oil, (Canola oil)
Raspberry seed oil
Rice bran oil
Rocket seed oil
Rosehip seed oil
Safflower seed oil, (Carthamus tinctorius)
Sal butter
Salmon oil
Sea buckthorn oil
Seaside plum oil, (Ximenia oil)
Sesame seed oil, sesame oil, (Sesamum indicum)
Shark liver oil
Shea oil
Shea butter
Soya bean oil, soybean oil, (Glycine max)
Squalene oil, (vegetable oil)
St John's wort oil
Strawberry seed oil
Sunflower seed oil
Tamanu nut oil
Tucuma butter
Tung oil, (Aleurites fordii)
Urucum oil
Walnut oil
Watermelon seed oil
Wheat germ oil, (cold pressed and refined)
Ximenia oil, (Seaside plum oil)
Yangu oil, (Cape Chestnut oil)

16.3.3.0.3 Essential oils, volatile oils, ethereal oils
Reference: The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils, by Julia Lawless, Thorsons, Harper Collins, 2002, ISBN 0 00 7145187
1. An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid that volatilizes on heating without decomposition to form the distinctive scents of plants. They are use in aromatherapy and in religious ceremonies requiring the burning of incense.
2. Are usually liquid but may be solid, e.g. orris or semi-solid, e.g. rose.
3. On exposure to air, do not harden, but, unlike fixed oils, evaporate leaving no oily residue.
4. Dissolve in alcohol, fats and oils, but not in water.
5. Are mainly volatile mixtures of terpenes and terpenoids, but also may contain esters, aliphatic and aromatic esters, phenolics and substituted hydrocarbons formed in plant oil glands. Essential oils include rose oil, jasmine oil, oil of cloves, lavender oil, peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil, ylang-ylang oil, (Cananga odorata) and the cheap citrus oils, e.g. lemon oil, sweet orange oil. They are extracted by distillation, expression and solvent extraction. They cause plant odours, some of which can be distilled to form perfumes, cosmetics, bath products, flavouring food and drink flavourings, incense scents and substances that deter insects and herbivores from damage or grazing.

An essential oil is usually regarded as a volatile oil produced by distillation with the odour characteristic of the distilled plant material. However, the term is often used loosely in the herbalist and aromatherapy industries to describe any usually aromatic extracts from plant material.
Plant material --> (distillation) --> "distilled essential oils".
Plant material --> (expression, i.e. pressing and squeezing) --> "citrus oils".
Plant material --> (solvent extraction) --> "concretes" --> "absolutes".
Plant material --> (solvent extraction) --> "resinoids".
Plant material --> ("enfleurage") --> "pomades --> "enfleurage absolutes".
The "concretes" are extracted from raw previously living plant material with hydrocarbon solvents, not steam distillation, and are usually about 50% wax and 50% volatile oil, e.g. jasmine. The oil Ylang ylang is 20% wax and 80% essential oil. The term "concretes" may refer to the fact that they are more concentrated and stable than distilled essential oils.
The "resinoids " are extracted from dead resinous material with hydrocarbon solvents to produce balsams, resins, oleoresins, oleo gum resins.
The "absolutes" are extracted from the "concretes" by further solvent extraction using "absolute alcohol", (pure ethanol) to remove most of the wax. Nowadays more pure "absolutes" are produced with liquid carbon dioxide.
The "pomades" were once produced by pressing cut flowers onto a glass plate covered with odourless fat, a process called "enfleurage". The volatile oils from the flowers that had diffused into the fat were extracted with alcohol to produce "enfleurage absolutes".
The pharmacy industry can produce most essential oils 96% synthetically, labelling them "nature identical" products. However, the 4% of natural constituents my be important to the herbalist and aromatherapy industries.

List of essential oils
Ajowan, Trachelospermum copticum, Apiaceae, contains mainly thymol.
Allspice Pimenta dioica, Myrtaceae, contains eugenol.
Almond, Bitter Almond, Prunus dulcis, (P. dulcis var. amara, P. amygdalus, Amygdalus dulcis), Rosaceae, pink-white flowers, contains benzaldehyde, (occurs in almond essence, marzipan), from almond nuts, used for cleaning bone and ivory
Amber is a resin.
Ambrette Seed, Abelmoschus esculentus, (Hibiscus esculentus), Malvaceae, contains ambrettolide, ambrettoloic acid, palmitic acid, farnesol.
Amyris, Amyris balsamifera, (Schimmelia oleifera), Rutaceae.
Angelica, contains phellandrene, pinene, limonene and coumarins.
Anise, Star Anise, contains trans-anethole.
Aniseed, contains trans-anethole.
Arnica, contains thymohydroquinine dimethyl ether, isobutyric ester of phlorol.
Asafetida, contains 2-butlpropenyl disulfide, (often adulterated).
Balm, Lemon Balm, contains citral, citronellol, eugenol, geranol, linalyl acetate.
Balsam, Canadian Balsam, (balsam), contains monoterpenes, e.g. pinene, phellandrene, (microscopy medium).
Balsam, Copaiba Balsam, (oleoresin), contains caryophyllene.
Balsam, Peru Balsam, (balsam), contains benzyl benzoate, benzyl cinnamyl cinnamate.
Balsam, Tolu Balsam, (balsam), contains cinnamic acid, benzoic acid + resins.
Basil, Exotic Basil, contains methyl chavicol.
Basil, French Basil, contains methyl chavicol, linalol.
Bay Laurel, contains cineol, pinene, linalol.
Bay, West Indian Bay, contains eugenol, myrcene, chavicol.
Benzoin, (balsam), contains coniferyl cinnamate, (Sumatra Benzoin), coniferyl benzoate, (Siam Benzoin).
Bergamot, contains linalyl acetate, linalol, terpenes, furcocoumarins, (in eau-de-cologne, Earl Grey Tea).
Birch, Sweet Birch, contains methyl salicylate, (same as wintergreen oil).
Birch, White Birch, contains sesquiterpenes, e.g. betulenol, (sauna birch bundles), (birch tar from bark mainly phenol, cresol and pyrobetulin used for "leather scent" and after shave lotions).
Boldo Leaf, contains cymene, ascaridole, cineol, linalol.
Borneol, contains alcohols, e.g. d-borneol, terpenes, e.g. pinene, camphene.
Boronia, contains ionone, eugenol, phenols.
Broom, Spanish Broom, contains caprillic acid, phenols.
Buchu, contains diosphenol, limonene.
Cabreuva, contains nerolidol.
Cade, contains cadinene, cadinol, guaiacol.
Cajeput, contains cineol, terpineol, pinene, nerolidol.
Calamintha, catmint, contains citral, nerol, citronellol, limonene, geraniol and metatabilacetone that attracts cats.
Calamus, contains beta-asarone, eugenol.
Camphor, (white camphor contains cineol, pinene, not safrol), (brown camphor contains safrol, terpinol), (yellow camphor contains safrol, sesquiterpenes).
Cananga, contains caryophyllene, safrol, methyl salicyclate.
Capers, contains carvone terpenoid
Caraway, contains carvone terpenoid and has its taste, carveol, limonene.
Cardamon, contains terpinyl acetate, cineol, limonene, pinene,
Carrot Seed, contains pinene, carotol, daucol, geraniol, caryophyllene.
Cascarilla Bark, contains cymene, diterpene, limonene, caryophyllene, terpineol, eugenol.
Cassia, contains cinnamic aldehyde, methyl eugenol, (dark brown liquid).
Cassie, contains benzyl alcohol, methyl salicyclate, fernesol, geraniol.
Cedarwood, Atlas Cedarwood, contains atlantone, aryophyllene.
Cedarwood, Texas Cedarwood, contains cedrene, cedrol.
Cedarwood, Virginian Cedarwood, contains cedrene, cedrol.
Celery Seed, contains limonene.
Chamomile, German Chamomile, contains chamazulene, (a product of distillation), farnesene.
Chamomile, Roman Chamomile, contains angelic acid esters, tiglic acid esters, pinene, farnesol, nerolidol, cineol.
Chervil, contains methyl chavicol, anethole.
Cinnamon, inner bark for cinnamon sticks, (cinnamon leaf oil contains eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, benzyl benzoate), (cinnamon bark oil contains cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, benzyl benzaldehyde, pinene), in Coca Cola.
Citronella, (Java Oil contains geraniol, citronellal).
Clove, contains eugenol, caryophyllene, (used in dentistry).
Coriander, contains linalol, borneol, geraniol, carvone, anethole, (in Chartreuse and Benedictine liqueurs).
Costus, contains sesquiterpene lactones, e.g. dihyrocostus lactone, cartophyllene.
Cubebs, contains sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, (treats amoebic dysentery).
Cumin, contains aldehydes, e.g. cuminaldehyde, also pinenes, farnesine, caryophyllene.
Cypress, contains pinene, camphene.
Deertongue, contains coumarin.
Dill, contains carvone, limonene, eugenol, pinene, phellandrene, (in "dill water").
Elecampane, contains sesquiterpene lactones.
Elemi, contains phellandrene, dipentene, carvone.
Eucalyptus, Blue Gum, contains cineol, pinene, limonene, cymene, phellandrene.
Eucalyptus, Broad-leaved Peppermint, contains piperitone, phellandrene, camphene, terpinene, thujune.
Eucalyptus, Lemon-Scented Eucalyptus, contains citronellal, citronellol, geranol, pinene.
Fennel, contains anethole, limonene, phellandrene, pinenecamphene, limonene, (fenchone in some varieties).
Fir Needle, Silver Fir, contains santene, pinene, limonene, borneol, bornyl acetate, lauraldehyde.
Frankincense, (oleo gum resin), contains monoterpene hydrocarbons, e.g. pinene, dipentene, limonene, thujene, phellandrine and also octanol.
Galangal, contains pinene, cineol, eugenol also sesquiterpenes.
Galbanum, contains pinene, edinol, cadinene, myrcene.
Gardenia, contains benzyl acetate, phenyl acetate, lnalol, terpineol.
Garlic, contains allicin, allylpropyl sidulfide, diallyl disulfide, citral, geraniol, linalol, phellandrene.
Geranium, contains citronellol, geraniol, linalol menthone, phellandrene, limonene.
Ginger, contains gingerin, gingenol, gingerone, zingiberine, linalol, camphene, phellandrene, citral, cineol, borneol.
Grapefruit, contains limonene, cadinene, neral, geraniol and fucocoumarins.
Guaiacwood, contains guaiol, bulnesol, bulnesene, guaiene, (in blood tests).
Helichrysum, contains nerol, neryl acetate, geraniol, pinenelinalol, sesquiterpenes, furfurol, eugenol.
Hops, contains humulene, myrcene, caryophyllene, farnesene.
Horseradish, contains isothiocyanate and phenylethyl isothiocyanate from bruised plant.
Hyacinth, contains phenylethyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid.
Hyssop, contains pinocamphone, borneol, geranol, limonene, thujone, myrcene, caryophyllene.
Jaborandi
Jasmine
Juniper
Labdanum, Cistus ladaniferus, Cistaceae, contains pinene, camphene myrcene, phellandrene, limonene, cineol, borneol, nerol, geraniol
Lavandin
Lavender, Spike Lavender
Lavender, True Lavender
Lemon, Citrus limon, Rutaceae, contains limonene, terpinene, pinene, linalol, geraniol
Lemon grass, Cymbopogon citratus, (C. aurantifolia) Poaceae, lemongrass, citronella grass, contains citral, myrcene linalol, geraniol, nerol, farnesol
Lime
Linaloe
Linden
Litsea Cubeba
Lovage
Mandarin
Marigold
Marjoram, Sweet Marjoram
Mastic, (resin)
Melilotus
Mimosa
Mint, Cornmint
Mint Peppermint
Mint, Spearmint
Mugwort, contains thujone cineol, pinene
Mustard
Myrrh, (oleo gum resin), contains heerabolene, limonene, dipentene, pinene, eugenol also resins and gums
Myrtle
Narcissus
Niaouli
Nutmeg
Oakmoss
Onion
Opopanax
Orange, Bitter Orange
Orange Blossom
Orange, Sweet Orange
Oregano, Common Orange
Oregano, Spanish Orange
Orris
Palmarosa
Parsley
Patchouli
Pennyroyal
Pepper, Black Pepper
Petitgrain
Pine, Dwarf Pine
Pine, Longleaf Pine
Pine, Scotch Pine
Rose, Cabbage Rose
Rose, Damask Rose
Rosemary
Rosewood
Rue
Sage, Clary Sage
Sage, Common Sage
Sage, Spanish Sage
Sandalwood
Santolina
Sassafras
Savine
Savory, Summer Savory
Savory, Winter Savory
Schinus Molle
Snakeroot
Spikenard
Spruce, Hemlock Spruce
Styrax, Levant Styrax
Tagetes
Tansy
Tarragon, contains carvone terpenoid
Tea Tree
Turpentine, (oleoresin)
Thuja
Thyme, Common Thyme
Tonka
Tuberose
Turmeric
Turpentine
Valerian
Vanilla
Verbena, Lemon Verbena
Vetiver
Violet
Wintergreen
Wormseed
Wormwood
Yarrow
Ylang Ylang

16.3.6.4 Alkaloids from plants
Botanical, Name, Common, Name, Alkaloid or Main alkaloid, (Use)
Aconitum napellus, monks hood, aconitine
Aesculus chinensis, horse chestnut, escin, aescin
Aloe vera, aloe, aloin, isobarbaloin, aloin, alomicin
Alpinia officinarum, galangal root, galangine
Anadenanthera peregrina, yopa, parica, bufotenine
Anhalonium lewinii, peyote cactus, mescaline
Areca catechu, areca, betel nut, arecoline
Artemisia annua, (Artemisia absinthium), wormwood, artemisinine
Astragalus, locoweeds, swainsonine, miserotoxin
Atropa belladonna, deadly nightshade, belladonna, atropine, hyoscyamine
Atropa mandrogora, European mandrake, atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine
Brugmansia, deadly datura
Buxus microphylla, cyclovirobuxine
Camellia sinensis, green tea, theanine, caffeine
Camptotheca acuminata, camptotheca, camptothecine
Cannabis sativa, cannabis, hemp, THC, tetra hydrocannabinol resin, also cannabis alkaloids
Capsicum frutescens, red pepper (capsicum), capsaicin
Carthamus tinctoria, carthamus, carthamine
Catharanthus roseus, Madagascar periwinkle, vindoline, catharanthine, vinblastine
Cephaelis ipecacuanha, ipecac, ipecacuanha, emetin
Cephalotaxus fortune, homoharringtonine
Chelidonium majus, celandine, chelerythrine, chelidonine
Cinchona officinalis, cincona, "quina" quinine
Chondodendron tomentosum, cuare, isoquinoline, D-tubocurarine
Cimum gratissimum, basil
Citrus aurantium, synephrine, oxedrine
Claviceps purpurea, (Fungus) ergot, ergotamine, (d-lysergic acid amide) natural, LSD, d-lysergic acid diethylamide
Coffea arabica, coffee plant, caffeine, theobromine
Cola acuminata, kola nut, theobromine, caffeine
Colchicum autumnale, autumn crocus, meadow saffron, colchicine
Conium maculatum, hemlock, coniine
Cordyceps militaris, (Cordyceps sinensis), adenosine
Cytisus scoparius, Scotch broom, sparteine, cytisine
Datura stromonium, Jimson weed, thorn apple, atropine, scopolamine
Dioscorea villosa, wild yam, diosgenine
Duboisia hopwoodii, pituri, tryptophan
Ephedra bronchodilator, ephedra, pseudoephedrine, (isomer of ephedrine)
Ephedra sinica, (Ephedra coryi), Chinese ephedra, ephedra, mormon tea, ephedrine
Erigeron breviscapus, breviscapine
Erythrina, coral tree, erythroidine
Erythroxylon, coca shrub, cocaine
Gentiana triflora, Chinese gentian, gentianine alkaloids
Humulus lupinus, hops, lupulin
Huperezia serrata, huperzine
Hydrastis cannadensis, golden seal, berberine, coptisine
Hyoscyamus niger, henbane, scopolamine, hyoscyamine
Hypericum perforatum, St, John's wort, klamath weed, hypericin
Ilex paraguariensis, yerba, mate, caffeine
Ipomea violacea, morning glory, natural LSD
Lophophora williamsii, peyote cactus, mescaline
Lupinus, lupines, lupinine
Lycoris radiata, galanthamine
Macleayae, (Cordatae), pink plume poppy, sanguinarine, bocconine
Mandragora officinarum, mandrake, atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine
Momordica charantia, bitter melon, momordicine
Myristica nutmeg, myristicin
Nelumbo nucifera, lotus, liensinine
Nicotiana tabacum, tobacco plant, nicotine
Oxytropis, locoweeds, swainsonine, miserotoxin
Panax ginseng, ginseng, ginsenosides
Papaver somniferum, opium poppy, codeine, morphine
Paullinia cupana, guarana, caffeine
Phaseolus vulgaris, white kidney bean, phaseolamine
Piper nigrum, piper, piperine
Piper methysticum, kava, kavain
Rauvolfia viridis, Caribbean snakeroot, reserpine
Rhaponticum uniflorum, uniflower, Swiss centaury, polypodine
Ricinus communis, castor bean, ricinine
Sinomenium acutum, sinomenium, sinomenine
Solanum, nightshades, solanidine
Sophora secundiflora, mescal bean, cytisine
Sophora flavescens, kuhseng, oxymatrine, matrine
Spartium junceum, Spanish broom, sparteine
Strychnos nux-vomica, strychnine, bucine, poison
Swainsona, Darling pea, swainsonine, swainsonine-N-oxide
Symphytum officinale, comfrey, echinidine
Taxus baccata, English yew, taxine
Theobroma cacao, cocoa, theobromine
Trichocereus pachanoi, (Trichocereus peruvianus), San Pedro cactus, mescaline
Uncaria tomentosa, cat's claw, una de gato, seratonin, tryptophan and others
Veratrum, corn lily, false helibore, solanine
Zigadenus venenosus, death camas

16.3.6.5 Drugs from plants
Ethnobotany and chemistry
There are over a hundred chemical substances that have been derived from plants for use as drugs and medicines, This is by no means a comprehensive list of all of the plants, names of chemicals, or uses for those chemicals, but it should serve as a useful starting point for further research, For your convenience, I have listed the common name of a plant next to its scientific name, Be advised that common names are very imprecise and often assigned to completely different plants, so use the scientific name when looking for additional information concerning a plant

Drug/Chemical, Action, Plant, Source
Acetyldigoxin, Cardiotonic, Digitalis lanata, (Grecian foxglove, woolly foxglove)
Adoniside, Cardiotonic, Adonis vernalis, (pheasant's eye, red chamomile)
Aescin, Antiinflammatory, Aesculus hippocastanum, (horse chestnut)
Aesculetin, Antidysentery, Frazinus rhychophylla
Agrimophol, Anthelmintic, Agrimonia supatoria
Ajmalicine, Treatment for circulatory disorders, Rauvolfia sepentina
Allantoin, Vulnerary, Several plants
Allyl isothiocyanate, Rubefacient, Brassica nigra, (black mustard)
Anabesine, Skeletal muscle relaxant, Anabasis sphylla
Andrographolide, Baccillary dysentery, Andrographis paniculata
Anisodamine, Anticholinergic, Anisodus tanguticus
Arecoline, Anthelmintic, Areca catechu, (betel nut palm)
Asiaticoside, Vulnerary, Centella asiatica, (gotu cola)
Atropine, Anticholinergic, Atropa belladonna, (poisonous alkaloid from plants, deadly nightshade, belladonna)
Benzyl benzoate, Scabicide, Several plants
Berberine, Bacillary dysentery, Berberis vulgaris, (common barberry)
Bergenin, Antitussive, Ardisia japonica, (marlberry)
Betulinic acid, Anticancerous, Betula alba, (common birch)
Borneol, Antipyretic, analgesic, antiinflammatory, Several plants
Bromelain, Antiinflammatory, proteolytic Ananas comosus, (pineapple)
Caffeine, CNS stimulant, Camellia sinensis, (tea, also coffee, cocoa and other plants)
Camphor, Rubefacient, Cinnamomum camphora, (camphor tree), Harmful if ingested
Camptothecin, Anticancerous, Camptotheca acuminata
Catechin, Haemostatic, Potentilla fragarioides
Chymopapain, Proteolytic, mucolytic, Carica papaya, (papaya)
Cissampeline, Skeletal muscle relaxant, Cissampelos pareira, (velvet leaf)
Cocaine, Local anaesthetic, Erythroxylum coca, (coca plant)
Codeine, Analgesic, antitussive, Papaver somniferum, (poppy)
Colchiceine amide, Antitumor agent, Colchicum autumnale, (autumn crocus)
Convallatoxin, Cardiotonic, Convallaria majalis, (lily-of-the-valley)
Curcumin, Choleretic, Curcuma longa, (turmeric is the powdered rhizome)
Cynarin, Choleretic, Cynara scolymus, (artichoke)
Danthron, Laxative, Cassia sp., (cassia)
Demecolcine, Antitumor agent, Colchicum autumnale, (autumn crocus)
Deserpidine, Antihypertensive, tranquillizer, Rauvolfia canescens
Deslanoside, Cardiotonic, Digitalis lanata, (Grecian foxglove, woolly foxglove)
L-Dopa, Anti-parkinsonism, Mucuna sp., (nescafe, cowage, velvetbean)
Digoxin, Cardiotonic, Digitalis purpurea, (purple or common foxglove)
Emetine, Amoebicide, emetic, Cephaelis ipecacuanha
Ephedrine, Sympathomimetic, antihistamine, Ephedra sinica, (ephedra, ma huang)
Etoposide, Antitumor agent, Podophyllum peltatum, (may apple)
Galanthamine, Cholinesterase inhibitor, Lycoris squamigera, (magic lily, resurrection lily, naked lady)
Gitalin, Cardiotonic, Digitalis purpurea, (purple or common foxglove)
Glaucarubin, Amoebicide, Simarouba glauca, (paradise tree)
Glaucine, Antitussive, Glaucium flavum, (yellow horn poppy, horned poppy, sea poppy)
Glasiovine, Antidepressant, Octea glaziovii
Glycyrrhizin, Sweetener, treatment for, Addison's disease, Glycyrrhiza glabra, (liquorice)
Gossypol, Male contraceptive, Gossypium sp, (cotton)
Hemsleyadin, Treatment for bacillary dysentery, Hemsleya amabilis
Hesperidin, Treatment for capillary fragility, Citrus spp, (eg oranges)
Hydrastine, Hemostatic, astringent, Hydrastis canadensis, (goldenseal)
Hyoscyamine, Anticholinergic, Hyoscyamus niger, (black henbane, stinking nightshade, henpin)
Irinotecan, Anticancer, antitumor agent, Camptotheca acuminata
Kaibic acud, Ascaricide, Digenea simplex, (wire weed)
Kawain, Tranquillizer, Piper methysticum, (kava kava)
Kheltin, Bronchodilator, Ammi visaga
Lanatosides, A B C, Cardiotonic, Digitalis lanata, (Grecian foxglove, woolly foxglove)
Lapachol, Anticancer, antitumor, Tabebuia sp, (trumpet tree)
a-Lobeline, Smoking deterrent, respiratory stimulant, Lobelia inflata, (Indian tobacco)
Menthol, Rubefacient, Mentha sp, (mint)
Methyl salicylate, Rubefacient, Gaultheria procumbens, (wintergreen)
Monocrotaline, Topical antitumor agent, Crotalaria sessiliflora
Morphine, Analgesic, Papaver somniferum, (poppy)
Neoandrographolide Dysentery, Andrographis paniculata
Nicotine, Insecticide, Nicotiana tabacum, (tobacco)
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, Antioxidant, Larrea divaricata, (creosote bush)
Noscapine, Antitussive, Papaver somniferum, (poppy)
Ouabain, Cardiotonic, Strophanthus gratus, (ouabain tree)
Pachycarpine, Oxytocic, Sophora pschycarpa
Palmatine, Antipyretic, detoxicant, Coptis japonica, (Chinese golden thread, gold thread, Huang-Lia)
Papain, Proteolytic, mucolytic, Carica papaya, (papaya)
Papavarine, Smooth muscle relaxant, Papaver somniferum, (opium poppy, common poppy)
Phyllodulcin, Sweetener, Hydrangea macrophylla, (bigleaf hydrangea, French hydrangea)
Physostigmine, Cholinesterase inhibitor, Physostigma venenosum, (Calabar bean)
Picrotoxin, Analeptic, Anamirta cocculus, (fish berry)
Pilocarpine, Parasympathomimetic, Pilocarpus jaborandi, (jaborandi, Indian hemp)
Pinitol, Expectorant, (several plants, e.g. Bougainvillea)
Podophyllotoxin, Antitumor, anticancer agent, Podophyllum peltatum, (may apple)
Protoveratrines, A B Antihypertensives, Veratrum album, (white false hellebore)
Pseudoephredrine, Sympathomimetic, Ephedra sinica, (ephedra, ma huang)
Quinidine, Antiarrhythmic, Cinchona ledgeriana, (quinine tree)
Quinine, Antimalarial, antipyretic, Cinchona ledgeriana, (quinine tree)
Qulsqualic acid, Anthelmintic, Quisqualis indica, (Rangoon creeper, drunken sailor)
Rescinnamine, Antihypertensive, tranquillizer, Rauvolfia serpentina
Reserpine, Antihypertensive, tranquillizer, Rauvolfia serpentina
Rhomitoxin, Antihypertensive, tranquillizer, Rhododendron molle, (rhododendron)
Rorifone, Antitussive, Rorippa indica
Rotenone, Piscicide, Insecticide, Lonchocarpus nicou
Rotundine, Analagesic, sedative, traquilizer, Stephania sinica
Rutin, Treatment for capillary fragility, Citrus sp, (e.g. orange, grapefruit)
Salicin, Analgesic, Salix alba, (white willow)
Sanguinarine, Dental plaque inhibitor, Sanguinaria canadensis, (bloodroot)
Santonin, Ascaricide, Artemisia maritma, (wormwood)
Scillarin, A, Cardiotonic, Urginea maritima, (squill)
Scopolamine, Sedative, Datura sp, (e.g. Jimson weed)
Sennosides, A B, Laxative, Cassia sp, (cinnamon)
Silymarin, Antihepatotoxic, Silybum marianum, (milk thistle)
Sparteine, Oxytocic, Cytisus scoparius, (scotch broom)
Stevioside, Sweetener, Stevia rebaudiana, (stevia), (a "pinch" added to cane sugar for the "Smart 50% less calories" white sugar blend)
Strychnine, CNS stimulant, Strychnos nux-vomica, (poison nut tree)
Taxol, Antitumor agent, Taxus brevifolia, (Pacific yew)
Teniposide, Antitumor agent, Podophyllum peltatum, (may apple or mandrake)
a-Tetrahydrocannabinol, (THC), Antiaemetic, decreases occular tension, Cannabis sativa, (marijuana)
Tetrahydropalmatine, Analgesic, sedative, tranquillizer, Corydalis ambigua
Tetrandrine, Antihypertensive, Stephania tetrandra
Theobromine, Diuretic, vasodilator, Theobroma cacao, (cocoa)
Theophylline, Diuretic, bronchodilator, Theobroma cacao and others, (cocoa, tea)
Thymol, Topical antifungal, Thymus vulgaris, (thyme)
Topotecan, Antitumor, anticancer agent, Camptotheca acuminata
Trichosanthin, Abortifacient, Trichosanthes kirilowii, (snake gourd)
Tubocurarine, Skeletal muscle relaxant, Chondodendron tomentosum, (curare vine)
Valapotriates, Sedative, Valeriana officinalis, (valerian)
Vasicine, Cerebral stimulant, Vinca minor, (periwinkle)
Vinblastine, Antitumor, Antileukemic agent, Catharanthus roseus, (Madagascar periwinkle)
Yohimbine, Aphrodisiac, Pausinystalia yohimbe, (yohimbe)
Yuanhuacine, Abortifacient, Daphne genkwa, (lilac)

Camphor, C₁₀H₁₆O, DL-camphor FLAM, Harmful ingested
Natural and synthetic, aromatic, highly flammable, natural camphor from camphor laurel tree Cinnamomum camphora, medicine, repels clothes moths and cats, used to make gunpowder and celluloid (cellulose nitrate plasticized with camphor)
Use camphor instead of moth balls to protect clothes from moths.
Prepare camphor oil: 19.6.7
Prepare thionyl chloride, SOCl₂_:12.18.3.2
Surface tension boat propulsion, (chemistry): 19.3.28
Surface tension boat propulsion, Drive a boat with surface tension (physics): 4.219
Sublimation, camphor, (thermal decomposition of camphor): 3.30.12
Terpenes, terpenoids, terpinenes, carotenoids, oleoresins: 16.3.5.1

Castor oil, ricinus oil, a fixed oil, from Ricinus communis, Euphorbiaceae, castor oil bush, castor bean, castor oil plant, kikayon, [ricinine alkaloid, endosperm has aleurone grains and oil globules, fatty reserves as a liquid oil, mainly ricinoleic acid, C₁₇H₃₂(OH)COOH, (laxative)
Action of lipase in castor oil seeds: 9.3.14
Albuminous seed, castor oil plant (botany): 9.5.4
Butanedioic acid, (succinic acid): 16.3.6.1.8
Castor oil drop (physics): 19.3.24
Fur in mineral oil shows electric fields (physics): 31.7.17
Iron filings on the overhead projector (physics): 29.2.2.12
Lipsticks: 19.7.2
Viscosity and temperature (physics): 13.3.13

Clove oil, eugenol
Oil of cloves, eugenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenol, an allyl benzene from dried flower buds (inhibits mould, relieves toothache, insecticide, cooking ingredient, high concentration of antioxidants, spice, Indonesian clove and tobacco cigarettes, fish killer, herbicide) toxic at low concentrations, harmful if large quantity ingested, (eugenol also in nutmeg, cinnamon, bay leaf), relative density 1.04 -1.06 so does not float on water, clove oil contains eugenol and caryophyllene, used in dentistry, from Eugenia caryophyllus, Myrtaceae.