Appendix E, Chemistry
2012-05-10 SPPwp
Please send comments to: J.Elfick@uq.edu.au
15.0.4 Low-cost chemicals and common substances
Table of contents
Accumulator electrolyte, lead acid battery electrolyte
Agar
Albumen, albumin
Alkaloids
Antacids
Anti-bumping granules
Antifreeze
Asphalt
Beeswax
Benzoic acid
Birdlime
Borax
Bottled gas, compressed gas, LPG, LP Gas
Brass
Bronze
Buffer solutions
Butane gas
Camphor
Cellophane
Clay
Clinistix strip
Clove oil, eugenol
Coal gas
Cobalt chloride
Collagen
Collodion
Copper arsenite
Cornflour
Creosote
Cresylic acid
Cyanuric acid
DMSO
Desiccants
Ethephon
Eucalyptus oil
Evening primrose oil
"Gas"
Gases, (household gas, laboratory gas)
Gelatin, gelatine
Glass wool
Glazes
Hair
Household gas
Inks
Invertase
Isocyanuric acid
Javelle water
Laboratory gas, piped gas
Latex
Lavender oil
Lead antimonate
Lead compounds
Lemon oil
Linseed oil
Liver of sulfur
LPG (liquefied petroleum gas, LP gas)
Magnesium ribbon
Matches, safety matches
Metaldehyde
Methane gas,
Methylated spirits
Naphthalene
Natural gas
Neatsfoot oil
Paraffin oil, kerosene
Paris green
Pennyroyal oil
Petroleum jelly, (trade name), petroleum jelly
Producer gas
Propane gas
Putty
Resin, ion exchange resin
Safety equipment
Seawater substitute
Shellac
Soap
Solder
Starch
Tartar emetic
Talcum powder
Tannic acid and tea
Tea tree oil
Tincture of iodine
Town gas
Tung oil
Turpentine
Vanilla oil
Vaseline, (trade name), petroleum jelly
Vegetable oil
Water
Water gas
White spirit
Yeast
Gases (household gas, laboratory gas)
Bottled gas compressed gas, LPG, LP Gas
Butane gas
Coal gas
Household gas
Laboratory gas, piped gas
LPG (liquefied petroleum gas, LP gas)
Methane gas
Natural gas
Producer gas
Propane gas
Town gas
Water gas
Accumulator electrolyte
Relative density of sulfuric is fully charged 1.28, half charged, 1.21, discharged 1.15. Use safety glasses and nitrile chemical-resistant gloves! Slowly add concentrated sulfuric acid, with stirring, to a beaker two thirds full of distilled water, until the solution is almost boils. Leave to cool and add more acid until the solution almost boils. After cooling to room temperature, adjust the relative density with more acid or more water, according to a hydrometer reading
Agar, agar agar, agar powder, nutrient agar (beef broth + agar), tablets, powder, jelly-like substance from red seaweed, agar nutrient, agar agar, isinglass, Macassar gum, gelatinous substance, E406 Agar (from red algae, Phylum Rhodophyta) (vegetable gum) (thickener, emulsifier), agar (potato) dextrose, cornmeal, isinglass, Macassar gum
Albumen, albumin
Albumen, egg white, white of an egg, albumen flakes, albumen egg powder. Albumin, a protein that is soluble in water and can be coagulated by heat, (Also serum albumins in blood serum and alphlactalbumin in milk, one of the globular proteins)
Alkaloids
Basic organic nitrogen compounds in plants with powerful action on animals, e.g. nicotine, morphine, quinine, strychnine
Antacids
Antacids increase pH in stomach contents as medicine for reflux, e.g. sodium hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3, magnesium oxide MgO
Anti-bumping granules
Boiling chips, usually fused alumina also flower pot bits, prevents large bubbles of gas forming that could cause explosive emissions from a beaker containing a heated solution.
Antifreeze
An antifreeze depresses freezing point and raises boiling point. The term "antifreeze" usually refers to ethylene glycol (monoethylene glycol, MEG), (C2H6O2), (HOCH2CH2OH), used in motor car cooling systems. However, it is toxic. Other antifreezes include propylene glycol (C3H8O2, non-toxic antifreeze), glycerol, (C3H8O3) and methanol (CH3OH).
Asphalt
Bitumen, tar, pitch, black plastic solid final residues left after volatile substances removed by fractional distillation
Beeswax
White and yellow beeswax, food additive E901, glazing agent, release agent, for craft, modelling, ointments, polishes, from bee honeycomb mixture includes the palmitic acid ester C15H31COOC30H61
Benzoic acid
Benzene carboxylic acid, C6H5COOH, preservative, in creams for treating haemorrhoids
Birdlime
Birdlime, bird lime, inner bark of holly, mistletoe or elm branches, boiled then evaporated to form a sticky substance used to trap small birds. Its use is illegal in many places. It is not "lime", calcium oxide.
Borax, Na2B4O7.10H2O, tdisodiumetraborate-10-water, E285, sodium tetraborate decahydrate but commercial borax partially dehydrated , di-sodium tetraborate, tynkal, colourless, mineral, white powder, odourless, monoclinic crystals or granules, r.d. 1.73, m.p. 75oC, efflorescent in dry air, melts at 75oC, anhydrous at 320oC, mildly toxic so avoid ingesting and skin contact, (buffer solutions, fire retardant, metallurgy flux, washing powders (laundry booster), bath cleaning, fungicide, insecticide, detergent booster, preservative, but not allowed in most countries), used a lot in the furniture industry.
E285 Sodium tetraborate, Borax (preservative) (not allowed most countries) (toxic, may cause skin problems)
Borax and sugar mixture is used with cut lemon over ant trails to deter ants.
Borax, di-sodium tetraborate (III)-10-water, Local Purchase
Brass
Brass filings, (brass is mainly alloys of Cu and Zn, but Al, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sn and Pb may be added)
Bronze
Bronze is mainly alloys of Cu and Sn but some may not contain Sn, e.g. aluminium bronze, manganese bronze, bronze is in "copper" coins.
Bottled gas, compressed gas
Gas in metal cylinders, under pressure, e.g. O2 and N2, and liquefied under pressure, e.g. C4H10. UK standard colours on cylinder shoulders, (EN 1089-3): black (N2), blue (N2O), brown (He), dark green (Ar), grey (CO2), light blue (oxidizing gas), maroon (C2H2), red (flammable gas), white (O2), yellow (toxic gas and corrosive gas). See internet for colours in your country, e.g. EU Compressed Gas Cylinder colour codes
Buffer solutions, tablets, pH 4, pH 6.4, pH 8, pH 9.2,
Aluminium ammonium sulfate, food additive E523, buffer, stabilizer
Boric acid, standard buffer solutions: 5.0
Buffer ampoules for 1000 mL pH 9.0, pH 7.0, pH 8.0, pH 9.0, pH 10.0
Buffer solution 500 mL colour coded for pH 10.0, pH 9.0, pH 7.0, pH 9.2, pH 6.88, pH 4.0, pH 10.5
Buffer solutions pH 10 Colour coded blue
Buffer solutions pH 4 Colour coded red
Buffer solutions pH 7 Colour coded yellow
Buffer tablets pH 4.0
Butane gas
Butane gas, C4H10, 93.2, MJm-3, a liquefied petroleum gas, (LPG), liquefied gas, bottled gas is liquefied butane, Calor gas.
Butane isomer is 2-methylpropane, CH3CH(CH3)CH3, formerly "isobutane"
Camphor
C10H16O, (synthetic, aromatic), highly flammable, natural camphor from camphor laurel tree Cinnamomum camphora, (medicine, repels clothes moths and cats, used to make gunpowder and celluloid), DL-Camphor for moth balls, lotions, Celluloid is cellulose nitrate plasticized with camphor, use camphor instead of moth balls to protect clothes from moths.
Cellophane
Modified cellulose, (cellophane is a trade name, name from: cellulose + diaphane (French: transparent), cellulose + alkali + carbon disulfide --> viscose, viscose through sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate --> cellulose + glycerin --> cellophane, rayon. Cellophane is used in food and cigarette packages, "Sellotape", "Scotch Tape", dialysis tubing (Visking tubing)
Clinistix strip
Test for glucose, test for (+) glucose in urine, indicator substance o-toluidine
Clove oil, eugenol
Oil of cloves, eugenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenol, an allyl benzene from dried flower buds (inhibits mould, relieves toothache, insecticide, cooking ingredient, high concentration of antioxidants, spice, Indonesian clove and tobacco cigarettes, fish killer, herbicide) toxic at low concentrations, harmful if large quantity ingested, (eugenol also in nutmeg, cinnamon, bay leaf), relative density
1.04 -1.06, so does not float on water, clove oil contains eugenol and caryophyllene, used in dentistry, from Eugenia caryophyllus, Myrtaceae.
Coal gas
Coal gas, (approx. 88 MJ /kg), approx. 50% hydrogen gas, 35% methane, 8% carbon monoxide, (poisonous gas), hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide, (for a "safety smell"), lately synthetic natural gas, SNG, is synthesized from coal or petroleum
Cobalt chloride, cobaltous chloride,
Cobalt (II) chloride, CoCl2.6H2O, cobalt (II) chloride hydrated, cobalt (II) chloride-6-water, cobalt chloride hexahydrate, Harmful if ingested, Environment danger, hydrated salt, pink, dark red deliquescent crystals, pink powder, acidic solution, CoCl2, (anhydrous salt blue, test for water, humidity paper, in silica gel desiccant), blue borax bead
Collagen
Protein in animal connective tissue boiled to make gelatine glue, insoluble fibrous protein in connective tissue, polypeptide chain mainly glycine and proline, gristle, used for sausage casings
Collodion
Cellulose nitrate dissolved in a mixture of ethanol or diethyl ether, cellulose tetranitrate, used as a medicinal coating. Also an early photographic process, cellulose nitrate + soluble iodide coats a glass plate then in darkroom immersed in silver nitrate to form silver iodide. Then the wet plate was exposed in a camera, then developed with pyrogallic acid and fixed with sodium thiosulfate or potassium cyanide solution.
Copper arsenite
Copper (II) acetoarsenite, yellow-green pigment, "Paris Green", is still used as a poison and for green colour in fireworks. "Scheele's Green" is no longer used, but its use in wallpaper may have killed the exiled Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte on St. Helena Island!
Paris green, copper (II) acetoarsenite, (copper ethanoato-arsenate), (Scheele's Green, Schweinfurth Green), POISON
Double compound of copper arsenite and copper acetate, bright blue-green pigment, used as an agricultural chemical, wood preservative and ship anti-fouling application. However, it is very poisonous and nowadays is thought to be too dangerous to use.
Cornflour
Powdery starch synthesized from maize and used as a cooking thickener, in USA "cornstarch", in Australia "wheaten starch". "Johnson's baby powder" contains "pure cornstarch with aloe and vitamin E", i.e. Zea Mays (corn) starch, Aloe barbadensis leaf juice, and tocopherol (Vitamin E).
Crude oil
Petroleum distillate oil, unrefined natural petroleum
Creosote
Wood creosote, mixture of phenols of wood tar, (disinfectant, cough medicine, diarrhoea medicine, preservative, antiseptic), coal tar creosote: (wood preservative, fungicide, skin diseases, insecticide), may cause skin cancer
Cresylic acid is a mixture of coal tar or petroleum byproduct phenols, disinfectant, Highly toxic by all routes. Cresylic acid compounds are called cresol when the boiling point is below 204°C. Cresols are mixtures of the ortho-, meta- and para- isomers. Crude cresol contains approximately 20% o-cresol, 40% m-cresol, and 30% p-cresol. Amber to red colour. Cresols are used to manufacture synthetic resins, as degreasing compounds, paintbrush cleaner, fumigants in photographic developers and explosives.
Any combustion process, which results in the generation of phenolic compounds, e.g. automobile exhaust or coal, wood, or trash smoke, may be a potential source of exposure to cresols.
Cyanuric acid
Cyanuric acid, (CNOH)3, H3C3N3O3), is used in for swimming pools, purifying tablets, white soluble crystals, solution converts to urea.
DMSO
Dimethyl sulfoxide, (CH3)2SO, (C2H6OS), from wood pulp, oyster-garlic taste, (irritant, penetrates skin, horse liniment, anti-inflammatory, paint stripper)
Desiccants
Drying agents, e.g. anhydrous calcium chloride, anhydrous calcium sulfate, concentrated sulfuric acid, phosphorus (V) oxide, sodium hydroxide lump, calcium oxide lump (lime), silica gel, glass desiccators used to dry chemicals in the laboratory may have tap in the lid to increase evaporation by decreasing pressure in the desiccator, can also preserve organic materials by desiccation.
Ethephon
Ethephon, 2-chloroethyl-dioxido-oxophosphorane, C2H6ClO3P, (a phosphonate), decomposes to ethylene and dihydrogen phosphate, plant growth regulator, used for cotton, pineapple, wheat, tobacco, coffee, kiwi fruit, tomato grape, apple, sugar cane, apparently not a danger to environment.
Eucalyptus oil
Eucalyptol, C10H18O, 1,8-cineole, cyclic ether, monoterpene, is a paint stripper, adhesive solvent, sticky spot remover, flavouring, fragrance, mouth wash, anti-inflammatory, releases vapours for medical use.
Evening primrose oil
From Oenothera biennis, Onagraceae, common evening primrose, garden herb, contains γ-linoleic acid.
Gases, lab gas, household gas
In a laboratory, the pilot light should burn with a 90% blue flame. If the flame is yellow, the gas may be contaminated with condensates. Do not use such a gas but immediately inform the local gas authority. The heating values of fuels: town gas 88 MJ / kg, natural gas 55.6 MJ / kg, LPG gas 49 MJ / kg, diesel fuel oil 38 MJ / L, kerosene 36.7 MJ / L, coke or coal 27 MJ / kg, dry split wood 12.5 MJ / kg.
Gelatin, gelatine
From collagen protein by boiling animal tissues, used as a glue, jelly crystals, e.g. puragel, used in photographic emulsions, adhesives.
Glass wool
Glass wool is not recommended for use in school laboratories. Thin pieces of glass wool can get into cuts and then into the blood stream. Do not touch glass wool with the fingers, wear protective gloves. Do not breathe in glass wool fibres. Do not reuse damaged glass wool. It may release fibre particles into the air.
Glazes
Pottery glazes were formerly metal oxides, e.g. lead oxide and cadmium oxide, often heavy metals, but most glazes nowadays have the metal oxide fired with silica to form sintered glass. Glazes for school use must contain no cadmium and < 0.1% lead dry weight.
Hair
Keratin is a fibrous protein occurring in hair, wool, feathers, hooves and horns, imbedded in a matrix that makes them strong and elastic. The proteins contain sulfur and are held together by disulfide bonds.
Inks
Inks include solvent-based ink, water-based ink, ball pen refill, "Biro" or "Bic" refill, Indian ink, variable toxicity, solvent may be flammable, marbling ink. Students must not ingest marbling ink used in primary schools. Indian ink (Chinese ink) is a mixture of lampblack, carbon black, bone black. For block printing and screen printing do not use oil-based solvents, but use water-based screen printing inks, e.g. "Lascaux".
Invertase
From baker's yeast, is a yeast extract enzyme, catalases sucrose hydrolysis to fructose and glucose, harmful if ingested, irritates eyes, E1103, (stabilizer, processing aid).
Isocyanuric acid
Isocyanuric acid is a chlorine stabilizer for swimming pools, administered as sodium dichloroisocyanurate granules or trichloroisocyanuric acid tablets.
Javelle water
Aqueous solution of potassium or sodium hypochlorite, used as a disinfectant and bleaching agent.
Latex, emulsion of rubber globules in water, globules of synthetic materials, latex paints, male latex condom, latex tubing, natural polymer, vulcanization
Ficus elastica, Indian rubber plant, India rubber tree, [polyterpenes in milky latex sap], Moraceae
Hevea braziliensis, natural rubber, para rubber, hevea rubber, [polyterpenes with linked isoprene units, cis-1,4-polyisoprene, in milky latex sap], Euphorbiaceae
Manilkara achras, sapodilla, chiku, chicle polyterpene, Mexico, South America, desert fruit, latex chicle used, chewing gum, Sapotaceae
Manilkara bidentata, balata, latex used for non-elastic rubber, sticky pulp eaten, Sapotaceae
Palaquium oblongifolium, latex called gutta percha, polymer, natural trans-1.4-polyisoprene, same chemical as natural rubber, polyisoprene, but with trans not cis bonding, Sapotaceae
Lavender oil
Lavender flower oil, mainly linalyl acetate, from Lavandula latifolia, (insect repellent, dog inhibitor, air freshener, pain relief)
Lead antimonate
Naples yellow for craft, antimonate of lead
Lead compounds are cumulative poisons. All lead salts are highly toxic if ingested or particles inhaled.
Wash hands after handling. Use < 10 mL or g per activity. Bright orange pottery glazes usually contain lead salts. The pigments white 1, white 2, white 16, mixed white, chrome yellow, chrome green, and chrome orange are highly toxic cumulative poisons.
Chrome red, PbO.PbCrO4, basic lead chromate
Chrome yellow, PbCrO4, lead chromate pigment
Crocoite, PbCrO4, Red lead ore
Lead paint detection kit to detect lead in paint
Lead acetate, (See Lead (II) ethanoate)
Lead (II) bromide, PbBr2, lead bromide, Highly toxic by all routes
Lemon oil
Oil from lemon peel, D-limonene, a terpene, (furniture polish, inhibits spiders and insects, stain remover).
Light oil, sewing machine oil
Sewing machine oil, WD-40 penetrating oil to prevent corrosion
Linseed oil
From seeds of flax Linum usitatissimum, glycerides of oleic acid and other unsaturated acids. Used to condition and seal bare wood in putty, paints, varnishes, for cricket bats, linoleum, outdoor
furniture.
Liver of sulfur
Alkaline mixture of mainly potassium polysulfides that turns silver black.
LPG, LP Gas, Liquefied Petroleum gas, is a clean burning fuel and is stored in gas cylinders as bottled gas. LPG is a simple asphyxiant. It consists of propane (about 95%) together with varying proportions of butane, propylene and butylene. A rank smelling compound, odorant, e.g. ethyl mercaptan, is added so that the presence of the gas can be easily detected. Incomplete combustion forms carbon monoxide. Do not search for a gas leak with a lighted match or lighted taper. Use a soap solution. Highly flammable, violently explosive mixture with air, toxic if inhaled, purchased as cylinders containing the liquefied gas. Fill cylinders by weight only. Hazchem Code 2YE. UN number 1075. Keep container upright in well-ventilated place away from sources of ignition.
Magnesium ribbon
Magnesium powder is too dangerous for school use. Magnesium powder dispersed in air is explosive and may explode on contact with oxidizing agents, e.g. metal nitrates or chlorates, and should not be combined with carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, chlorinated hydrocarbons, halogens.
Magnesium ribbon is easily ignited and burns very exothermically almost instantaneously, with a white hot flame that emits UV radiation and may cause eye damage. Use < 1 cm of magnesium ribbon in experiments.
Matches, safety matches
Match head: mainly potassium chlorate and glue. Striking surface: mainly red phosphorus and powdered glass. Safety match heads contain potassium chlorate, sulphur, fillers and glue. Also strike-anywhere match heads contain potassium chlorate as an outside layer on the phosphorus sesquioxide match head. Explosions based on collections of match heads are not permitted in schools.
Metaldehyde
Metaldehyde is an ethanal tetramer formed by polymerization of ethanal, acetaldehyde (CH3CHO)4 --> C4O4H4(CH3)4, "meta" fuel, firelighter, canned heat, snail bait, "Esbit", "Blitzem".
Methane gas
Methane gas, CH4, natural gas, (55.6 MJ / kg), marsh gas. Natural gas is flammable gas, 99% methane, occurring naturally underground, usually associated with petroleum
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) --> CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) + heat.
Methane is large proportion of coal gas, (firedamp in coal mines, methane burns to form air depleted of oxygen called blackdamp, choke damp)
Natural gas
CH4, C2H6, C3H8, ... It occurs usually over petroleum products so its composition varies. Natural gas usually contains about 90% methane + various proportions of ethane, propane, butane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. It is odourless but during manufacture a rotten egg rank smelling compound, e.g. a mercaptan, captan (ethane thiol or ethyl mercaptan) may is added for gas detection. Incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide. It should burn with a 90% blue flame. Check the colour of the flame in the pilot light is yellow, or a yellow condensate forms on the nearby wall or the bottom of cooking pots have a black smudge, ask the gas distribution authority for advice because the gas may be contaminated.
Be careful! Do not search for a gas leak with a lighted match or lighted taper but use a soap solution.
Natural gas is used in heating and cooking appliances, buses and other motor vehicles and is transported by large tankers or gas grids. In many places it has replaced town gas. All equipment using natural gas should be checked regularly. Use sturdy undamaged tubing to connect Bunsen burners to gas taps. Replace any perished tubing or tubing damaged at one end. Check that tubing is connected securely to both the tap and the Bunsen burner before the gas is turned on. Clean or replace any Bunsen burners that have damaged jets, or are known to burn back. At the end of the school day, turn off the master gas switches in each laboratory. Do not allow dangerous practices, e.g. turning on a gas tap and then lighting it. If you smell an overpowering gas odour in a laboratory, evacuate the area rapidly, open all windows and seek assistance.
Naphthalene, mothballs, C10H8, m.p. 80.5oC, flakes, crystals, marbles, balls, moth balls, Flammable
solid, Highly toxic by all routes
Naphthalene sublimes at room temperatures, toxic to humans in large doses, high flammability, white substance, with a greasy feel and a peculiar penetrating smell, insoluble in water but dissolves in methylated spirit, forms as a by-product in the manufacture of coal gas. Uses include making dyes, protecting clothes and carpets from moths and controlling insect pests in soil. It is possibly carcinogenic, so other chemicals should be substituted to deter moths and silverfish in the home, e.g. 1,4-dichlorobenzene, (paradichlorobenzene), camphor, camphor laurel, Cinnamomum camphora, (Laurus camphora), cedar, incense cedar, (Calocedrus decurrens), Spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata)
Neatsfoot oil
Oil from boiled cattle hooves used as a leather conditioner for saddles, boots, baseball gloves,
("neat " is old word for cattle).
Mineral oil
Lubricating light oil, diesel oil, distillation product of petroleum
Paraffin oil, kerosene
Paraffin, hard paraffin wax (chunks), alkane mixture, CnH2n+2, paraffin wax black 43 / 46 ("paraffins" was former name for "alkanes"), (paraffin, Latin parum, little, affinis, related, because of its low chemical activity, name invented by German chemist Karl Reichenbach in 1830)
Paraffin oil, kerosene, fp 60oC, (UK paraffin oil UK), (USA, Australia, kerosene), (kerosine, "kero"), is a petroleum fraction containing a mixture of hydrocarbons with 11 or 12 carbon atoms, mixture of hydrocarbons, b.p range 150oC to 300oC), highly flammable solvent and lamp fuel. Use in well-ventilated space, do not use as degreaser of engines.
Liquid paraffin (petrolatum liquid) is a pure mineral white oil emulsion used as a medicine
Paraffin wax is alkanes C20H42 to C40H82. liquid paraffin is a pure mineral white oil emulsion used as a medicine, paraffin wax is alkanes C20H42 to C40H82.Paraffin wax used to make candles, polish, "wax" paper.
Paraffin liquid, liquid paraffin, colourless tasteless liquid form of petroleum jelly, mixture of >C12 alkanes, ("Vaseline" (trade name), petrolatum, white paraffin, is another petroleum jelly.)
Paraffin, paraffin oil, kerosene, kerosine, mixture of C12H26 to C15H32, b.p. 16 - 250oC
Paraffin, paraffin wax, mixture of C20H42 and higher molar mass hydrocarbons, m.p. 45 - 65oC, (commercial 52oC pastillated), relative density 0.9
Paris Green
Paris Green, (Scheele's Green, Schweinfurth Green), is a double compound of copper arsenite and copper acetate, copper ethanoato-arsenate. It is a bright blue-green pigment It was used as an agricultural chemical, wood preservative and ship anti-fouling application. However, it is very poisonous and nowadays is thought to be too dangerous to use.
Pennyroyal oil
Pennyroyal oil, oil of pennyroyal, deters moths and fleas, from Mentha pulegium, pennyroyal, Lamiaceae
Producer gas
Air gas. Similar to water gas, formed by passing air and steam over hot carbon.
Propane gas
Propane gas, C3H8, a bottled gas, a liquefied petroleum gas, (LPG).
Putty
Painter's putty, glazier's putty, paste of calcium carbonate, (whiting), and linseed oil, sometimes white lead. used as a sealant or filler in glazing, sealing glass into frames
Resin, ion exchange
Anion exchange resin, zeolite, ("Permutit")
Safety equipment
AS = Australian standard
Apron, Safety apron, PVC, (resists strong acids)
Ear protection, ear muffs, AS1270, general protection, 25 dB rated, class 4
Ear protection, ear plugs, Hilo 27 dB rated class 5, individually packaged, box / 200 pairs
Ear protection, ear plugs, Hilo 24 dB rated class 5, in dispenser, box / 250
Eye-wash bottle, eye-wash cup
Face shield, Safety face shield (chemical, anti-splash face shield)
Face shield, moulded, lightweight, high impact and splash proof, visor suits brow guard, (brow guard adjustable)
Face shield, small, adjustable, low impact and splash proof
Face shield, Black Eagle, clear visor, brow guard, chin guard, fully adjustable
Helmet, Safety helmet, ABS plastic, adjustable inner, AS 1801
Glasses, Safety glasses, safety goggles, (polycarbonate lens glasses)
Gloves, MSA Grand Prix, general purpose, beige leather, small, medium, large
Gloves, disposable gloves, powder free and sulphur free polyethylene, ambidextrous design unisize, suitable for food handling, catering and child care
Gloves, Stretch vinyl medical gloves, non sterile powdered, small, medium, large, box / 100
Gloves, Stretch vinyl medical gloves, non sterile powder free, latex free, single use, small, medium, large, box / 100
Glove dispenser, three pack
Gloves, Mediflex nitrile gloves, disposable, blue, powder free with textured fingers, small, medium, large, box / 100
Gloves, latex medical gloves, examination powder free, non sterile, beaded cuff
Gloves, latex medical gloves, examination, powdered, non sterile, beaded cuff
Gloves, N-DEX Ambidextrous Powdered Nitrile Gloves
Goggles, Safety goggles, chemical / dust goggle, close-fitted face seal, self comfortable frame, anti-fog and anti-scratch lenses, certified to AS/NZS1337 medium impact protection
Goggles, Safety goggles, ChemPro, wide vision lens provides room for most prescription spectacles, adjustable strap for individual fit, compatible with most industrial head protection, anti-fog and anti-scratch lenses, certified to AS/NZS1337 medium impact protection
Overalls, Safety overalls, Kleenguard XP protective overalls, low-linting, antistatic, silicon free, suitable for hazardous dusts, chemical handling, spray painting, pharmaceutical manufacturing electronic assembly
Overalls, Safety overalls, Kleenguard, polypropylene and microfibre, protect against hazardous dust, particulate matter, repels water-based liquids, suitable for agriculture, emergency services, maintenance
and cleaning duties
Respirators, MSA 2S, full face rubber mask, respirator, chemical resistant rubber with polycarbonate lens with impact and chemical resistance
Spectacles, Safety spectacles, MSA Arctic Indoor, 100 % UV protection, maximum glare reduction, certified to AS/NZS1337 medium impact protection
Spectacles, Safety spectacles, medium impact resistant, clear lens, will fit over prescription glasses, adjustable arms with comfort cushions, certified to AS/NZS1337 medium impact protection
Sun brim and neck flap, cool cotton brim with attached flap for maximum sun protection, white, blue gloves, Safety gloves rubber, rubber safety gloves, (small/medium/large rubber gloves), (rubber, caoutchouc)
First Aid kit, portable First Aid kit
Mask, surgical with ties, fluid resistant
Mask MSA Affinity, Reduce exposure to mechanically and thermally generated dusts. mists, fumes and aerosols, as in crushing, blasting, grinding, welding, soldering and refining processes
Mask, Dust mask, P1 filter, 3 panel flat fold design, for mechanically generated particle, grinding, sanding, crushing sawing
Seawater substitute
Dissolve in 2 litres of water, 45.0 g sodium chloride, 3.5 g magnesium sulfate, 5.0 g magnesium chloride, 2.0 g potassium sulfate.
Shellac
From resinous excretions of Coccus lacca or Tachardia lacca scale insects, (varnish, polish, sealing wax, French polish is solution in methylated spirit), E904. Solvent is highly flammable methylated spirits that may irritate nasal surfaces.
Soap, bulk liquid soap, hand soap bars, hand sanitizers, abrasive soap (contains sand)
Soap was formerly manufactured from beef and mutton fat, but nowadays mainly vegetable oils are used, e.g. olive oil, palm oil, coconut oil. These oils are compounds of glycerine with three organic acids, stearic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid. When the fat or oil is boiled with sodium hydroxide solution it splits into glycerine and the three organic acids. The organic acids combine with the alkali to form soap, i.e. a mixture of sodium stearate, sodium palmitate, and sodium oleate. Equation for stearic acid: glyceryl stearate (fat) + sodium hydroxide --> glycerine + sodium stearate (soap). When the boiling is complete the soap is precipitates and made to float on the surface of the solution by adding salt. The soap is separated from the underlying liquid and left to set. After it has dried it is cut to the needed size, stamped, and packed.
Solder
Soft Pb and Sn alloys, resin-core solder, wire form, (Soldering flux, soldering resin).
Starch, soluble starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sorghum gum, amylodextrin, amylopectin, amylum, arrowroot starch, soluble laundry starch, starch gums adhesives, amylum, (C6H10O5)n, where n = 40 to 50, farina, (test for iodine, forms blue colour). Starch, like glucose, is a carbohydrate and contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the proportion C6H10O5, in a very complex molecule.
Starch is present in nearly all plants. Potatoes, barley, wheat, and rice are used as commercial sources. It is used for stiffening linen in laundries, adhesive pastes and manufacture of glucose. Cornflour starch is a powdery starch synthesized from maize and used as a cooking thickener, in USA "cornstarch", in Australia "cornflour" is actually "wheaten starch".
Tartar emetic
Crystalline compound, K(SbO)C4H4O6.½H2O, poisonous but used as expectorant and to treat schistosomiasis.
Talcum powder
Hydrated magnesium silicate, (French chalk), serpentine, (meerschaum pipes and soap), (fine abrasive, absorbent, lubricant)
Tannic acid and tea
Tannic acid is present in oak galls. Make a solution of tannic acid by boiling cut pieces of oak galls in water. Tannic acid is sold as a brown powder and was used in tannic acid jelly for burns dressings. Tea from Camellia sinensis, has a slightly bitter, astringent flavour. Tea contains polyphenols, but tea does not contain tannic acid.
Tea tree oil
Oil of Melaleuca, terpinen-4-ol, from Melaleuca alternifolia, a paperbark tree (antibacterial, cosmetic, antifungal, sunburn).
Tincture of iodine
The word "tincture" means add a small mount of a substance to the main substance or a tinge of something added to the main substance to change the colour. Tincture of iodine because sodium iodide added, iodine would otherwise be insoluble, 2-7% KI or NaI solution in ethanol and water, about 2 g iodine and 2 g sodium iodide in 100 mL in 40-60% ethanol, contains soluble triiodide anion I3-, disinfectant, antiseptic and starch test, nowadays often replaced commercially by povidone iodine, e.g. Betadine. Lugol's iodine solution is elemental iodine and potassium iodide.
Town gas
Town gas was the main domestic gas, a mixture of coal gas and carburetted water gas, energy density about 20 MJm-3, was previously used on school laboratories, but nowadays the gas is usually natural gas, i.e. mostly methane CH4, or LPG, bottled gas, mostly propane, C3H8.
Tung oil
From the nut of the tung oil tree, Aleurites fordii. Used to penetrate wood and seal against moisture in paints and varnishes. It dries hard.
Turpentine
1. Mineral turpentine, "turps", is the cheapest solvent for oil-based paint and ink solvent, mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons, avoid vapours, eye and skin contact, toxic by all routes of exposure, highly flammable, ("Turpentine Odourless Thinner", "Turpenoid", are solvents with strong smelling hydrocarbons removed so may be undetected), ("Turpenoid natural", is non-toxic, non-flammable,
and an alternative to mineral turps).
2. True turpentine, vegetable turpentine, spirit of turpentine, wood turpentine, gum spirits, gum turpentine, from pine trees, (FP 35oC), contains terpenes, e.g. α-pinene and β-pinene, C10H16, pleasant odour but possible skin irritant vapour, less toxic than mineral turpentine, highly flammable and reacts violently with chlorine gas and explosively with chlorine compounds, e.g. tin (IV)
chloride. Terpenes have linked isoprene units as in natural rubber. Rosin is a solid amber residue made by the distillation of turpentine using pine stumps.
Vanilla oil
Vanilla essence, (food fragrance and flavour, deodorizer, creaming soda, creamy soda), Vanilla planiflora (V. fragrans), vanilla vine, Vanilla pompona, West Indian vanilla, Orchidaceae.
Vaseline
Vaseline (trade name), petroleum jelly, soft paraffin, white paraffin, white petrolatum, saturated semi-solid of crystalline and liquid hydrocarbons, carbon numbers < C25, made by dewaxing paraffinic residual oil, liquid paraffin is a liquid form of petroleum jelly, mixture of alkanes > 12 C atoms / molecule,
colourless, tasteless, mild laxative, popular low-cost lubricant but weakens latex in condoms.
Vegetable oil
Castor oil, linseed oil, olive oil, "vegetable" oil, "salad" oil
Water
Tap water, deionized or demineralized water, distilled water, hard water, soft water
Water gas
Water gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas. Water gas forms when steam passes over hot coke or carbon.
White spirit
Stoddard solvent, dry cleaning fluid, "Murlex", mixture of aliphatic and alicyclic C7 to C12 hydrocarbons, (cleaning solvent, paint thinner, remove oil stains, clean oil-based paints from paint brushes).
Yeast, Dried yeast, (active granules), baker's yeast, living yeast