| Chemical Name (Hazard classification, United Nations number) |
Molecular formula, synonyms or similar or mineral (notes on
use) |
Acetic acid, pure (FLAM < 43oC
COR 2789)17 M
|
CH3COOH, ethanoic acid, colourless, mobile liquid,
r.d.
glacial acetic acid, 17 M, 1.05 gm cm-3, b.p. 118oC,
solidifies 16.7oC, dilute acetic
acid, 6 M, miscible with water, pungent odour, "glacial" ethanoic acid
(vinegar, eisel, about
4% acetic acid, sour wine) E260 (anti-bacterial medicine, cleaner,
sanitizer, stain remover, food) |
| Acetone (FLAM -20oC
1090) |
(CH3)2C=O, CH3.CO.CH3,
dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, colourless, clear, volatile, inflammable
liquid, r.d. 0.79 gm cm-3, b.p. 56.5oC, miscible
with water & ether & oils, sharp sweet taste, characteristic
odour
(solvent for resins, primers, plastics, formerly in nail polish remover)
|
Adipic acid
|
hexanedioic acid, butanedicarboxylic acid (CH2)4(COOH)2,
colourless needles (make nylon 6, 6 & polyester resin)
|
| Aluminium chloride, hydrated |
AlCl3.6H2O, anhydrous AlCl3
is covalent
|
| Aluminium oxide |
Al2O3, amphoteric, alumina, corundum
(ruby,
saphire) diamantine, emery powder, alumina Al2O3
corroded
aluminium, bauxite: hydrated aluminium oxides Al2O3.nH2O
+ laterite (alumina hydrate for craft, emery as abrasive &
polisher) Alumina occurs in the amorphous or crystalline state
in corundum & bauxite. In porcelain manufacture.
|
| Aluminium potassium sulfate |
Al2(SO4)3.K2(SO4).24H2O,
potash alum, potassium alum, kalinite, hydrated
aluminium potassium sulfate, aluminium potassium sulfate
12-hydrate, alum. Alums are
double salts that crystallize as octahedra, e.g. common alum AlK(SO4)2.12H2O
or KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, E552. It is very
astringent & is used for purifying water. Soda alum or chrome alum
are similar combinations where the potassium has been replaced by the
corresponding metals.
|
| Aluminium sulfate |
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O,
wrongly "alum", E520, foam agent in fire extinguishers, water filter
powder, flocculation agent, food additive
E520, modifier, precipitator in sewage treatnment, mordant, paper
sizing, for 0.l M soln., 66 g of
hydrated salt in 1 L water |
Ammonia
soln, NH3 (aq) (COR 2672) (28%) 18 M
|
Solution of ammonia in water, NH3 (aq) colourless
liquid, suffocating, pungent
odour, absorbs CO2 from air < 10% actual NH3,
"880"
ammonia concentrated solution concentrated ammonia solution, 15 M, r.d.
0.88 gm cm-3, aqua ammonia, ammonia
water, ammonia hydrate, spirits of hartshorn, Liq.
Amm. Fort (Not "ammonium
hydroxide"!, "not NH4OH"), 16 mol dm-3,
"cloudy
ammonia" contains soap soln, E527, dilute ammonia solution, 6 M, needs
cool storage, alkaline solution
|
| Ammonium carbonate |
NH4HCO3 (+ NH2COONH4)
crystal
ammonia (sal volatile, smelling salts, hartshorn, aromatic spirits of
ammonia, salt of hartshorn, ammonium sesquicarbonate) (Also ammonium
bicarbonate sal
volatile) E503 |
| Ammonium chloride |
NH4Cl, colourless, odourless, cubic crystals or
crystal mass, white granular
powder, sublimes without melting, weakly hygroscopic, saline taste, sal
ammoniac
(soldering flux, dry cell flux in torch battery) |
Ammonium chromate
|
(NH4)2CrO4,
yellow monoclinic crystals, decomposes at 185oC, loses
ammonia gas, alkaline solution, needs cool storeage
|
| Ammonium dichromate (VI)
(OXD
1439) |
(NH4)2Cr2O7,
ammonium dichromate, orange red monoclinic crystals, heat decomposes,
(Not
"ammonium bichromate")
|
Ammonium
hydrogen phosphate
|
(NH4)2HPO4,
ammonium hydrogenphosphate
|
| Ammonium iron
(II) sulfate |
(NH4)2SO4 FeSO4.6H2O,
Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O,
ferrous ammonium sulfate, Mohr's salt, pale blue-green, monoclinic
crystals or granules, in air slowly oxidizing & efflorescent, r.d.
1.86, store in dark place
|
Ammonium molybdate (VII)
|
(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O,
ammonium paramolybdate, powder
|
| Ammonium nitrate (OXD
1942) |
NH4NO3, nitrate of ammonia garden
fertilizer. explosive
|
| Ammonium oxalate (HARM
2449) |
(NH4COO)2.H2O, ammonium
ethanedioate-1-water
colourless, odourless, rhombic crystals or white granules, if heated
decomposes before melting |
| Ammonium phosphate |
(NH4)3PO4, triammonium
phosphate (V)-4-water, nitrogen and phosphorus garden fertilizer
|
| Ammonium sulfate |
(NH4)2SO4, colourless,
odourless, rhombic crystals or white granules, decomposes above 280oC,
sulfate of
ammonia garden fertilizer, E517, cakes when stored
|
Ammonium
thiocyanate
|
NH4SCN, yellow-white, monoclinic,
deliquescent crystals, m.p.16oC
|
Aniline
|
C6H5NH2,
aniline oil, phenylamine, aminobenzene, clear, oily, liquid,
colourless, but darkens to red-brown, distinct odour & taste,
poisonous vapour, inflammable, b.p. about 182oC, flash point
about 70oC, store in dark secure bottles
|
Antimony salts
|
antimony
oxysulfide (antimony red, vermillion) antimony trioxide (antimony
bloom) antimony trichloride (butter of antimony) antimony trisulfide
(antimony black)
|
| Barium
carbonate (HARM 1564) |
BaCO3, witherite (used for craft, barium oxide
flux) |
| Barium chloride-2-water (HARM
1564) |
BaCl2.2H2O, barium chloride,
colourless, rhombic, odourless crystals or white
granules, m.p. 925oC
|
| Barium hydroxide |
Ba(OH)2, barium hydroxide solution (baryta water)
|
| Barium sulfate |
BaSO4, barium white, blanc-fixe, fixed white,
permanent white, barytes, heavy spar, almost insoluble in water, forms
heavy
white precipitate (x-ray contrast meal, soil
analysis, lake paint pigments) |
| Biuret
reagent (FLAM 2924) |
(Tests for proteins, urea)
|
Borax
|
di-sodium tetraborate-10-water, washing powders,
bath cleaning, E285, sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, tynkal, borax
(preservative)
(not
allowed most
countries) (toxic, may cause skin problems) |
| Boric acid |
H3BO3, boracic acid, orthoboric acid,
trioxyboric (III) acid, colourless, odourless, white to
transparent, triclinic
crystals, m.p. about 160oC, if heated decomposes to
anhydride B2O3, occurs near fumaroles (eye
medicine)
E284 |
| Butanedione (FLAM 2346) |
CH3COCOCH3, 2, 3-butanedione,
dimethylglyoxal, dimethyldiketone, diacetyl, biacetyl, butter flavour,
creamy odour
|
| n-Butyric acid (COR 2820) |
C2H5CH2COOH, butanoic
acid, ethylacetic acid, fermentation, n-butyric acid |
Cadmium iodide
|
CdI2, white lustrous, flaky odourless
crystals becoming yellow in light & air
|
| Calcium carbide
(FLAM) |
CaC2, calcium dicarbide, "carbide"
acetylenogen
(cave explorer lamps, formerly in bicycle headlamps) |
| Calcium carbonate |
CaCO3, powder, almost insoluble in water unless
dissolved CO2 present, calcite, chalk, limestone, Iceland
spar, marble
chips, whiting, chalk, precipitated chalk, pearl, coral, egg shells,
whitewash, calcimine, seashells (in antacid medicines to suppress
reflux), Vienna lime, E170
firming
agent food additive) heated in lime kiln to form lime CaO
|
| Calcium
dihydrogen phosphate |
Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O,
calcium tetrahydrogen di-orthophosphate, calcium dihydrogenphosphate
|
| Calcium chloride |
CaCl2, white granules or lumps, very
hygroscopic, m.p. 772oC (drying agent)
E509, used to produce calcium metal
|
| Calcium fluoride |
CaF2, fluorspar, fluorite, white
crystalline solid, thermoluminescent, for craft (source of hydrofluoric
acid & fluorine, used in opal glass) |
Calcium hydrogen
carbonate
|
calcium hydrogencarbonate, calcium bicarbonate,
Ca(HCO3)2, temporary hardness in water, stable in
solution
|
| Calcium hydroxide |
Ca(OH)2, powder, limewater, slaked lime, hydrated
lime, caustic lime, slightly soluble
(whitewash, milk of lime) E526, limewater
|
| Calcium hypochlorite (OXD
2208) |
(30%
chlorine) chlorinated lime, chloride of lime, calcium oxychloride
white-grey powder, irritating odour, exothermic when dissolved in
water, may explode if not stored securely (bleaching
powder is calcium hypochlorite [calcium chlorate (I) chlorinated
lime] & calcium hydroxide, water sanitizing, whitening agent,
"solid
chlorine" is
70% chlorine for swimming pools) |
| Calcium magnesium carbonate |
CaCO3MgCO3, dolomite [Also, "dolomite"
is any high
Mg:Ca carbonate rock.] |
| Calcium nitrate (OXD 1454) |
Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, crystals |
| Calcium oxide (COR 1759) |
CaO, lump, quicklime, lime, caustic lime, burnt lime, E529,
thermoluminescent in oxy-hydrogen flame, limelight, for excess soil
acidity
|
| Calcium phosphate
(V) |
Ca3(PO4)2,
white powder, insoluble, from apatite mineral Ca5(PO4)3(OH,
F, Cl) & rock phosphate, from animal
bones and teeth (used for fertilizer, faciltate uptake of DNA into
cells, "bone
ash" for craft)
E341 Calcium phosphates (buffer, sequestrant) formerly "calcium
orthophosphate" |
| Calcium sulfate |
CaSO4.2H2O, powder, calcium sulfate
dihydrate, gypsum, calcium hemihydrate (plaster
of Paris, CaSO4.1/2H2O, potter's
plaster, school chalk, blackboard chalk, selenite, craft
modelling powder) E516 (can be shaped before setting, stain remover)
|
| Cetyl alcohol |
Hexadecan-1-ol, CH3(CH2)14CH2OH
|
Chloroform
|
CHCl3, colourless, mobile, clear,
sweet taste liquid, distinct odour, Not inflammable, vapour in flame
may produce poisonous gases, b.p. 61oC, store dark, cool place
|
Chromic acid
|
Chromic (VI) acid (sodium chromate in sulfuric acid) glass
cleaning |
| Chromium (III)
oxide |
Cr2O3, chromium oxide, chromium
trioxide, chromic
oxide, chrome green, green
chromium oxide for craft |
| Chromium (III) sulfate |
CrK(SO4)2.12H2O, chrome
alum, chromic potassium sulfate
|
| Citric acid |
(COOH)3(CH2)2COH.H2O, C6H8O7.H2O,
HOOCCH2C(OH)(COOH)CH2COOH, colourless, odourless,
translucent, orthorhombic crystals or granules, "2-hydroxy
propane-1, 2, 3-carboxylic acid-1-water", m.p. about 100oC,
slightly deliquescent in moist air, loses water of crystallization in
dry air (lemon juice), store in tight containers
|
| Cobalt (II)
chloride |
CoCl2.6H2O, dark red crystals, cobalt
chloride, cobaltous
chloride (test for water) |
| Cobalt (II) nitrate (OXD 1477) |
Co(NO3)2.6H2O, cobaltous
nitrate, red, deliquescent, monoclinic crystals, m.p. 50o to
60oC,
|
| Copper (II) carbonate |
CuCO3, CuCO3.Cu(OH)2.H2O,
basic
copper carbonate (azurite, malachite) cupric carbonate, green
precipitate, bremen
blue, green verditer, craft green
glaze, verdigris on copper exposed to atmosphere
|
| Copper (I) chloride |
CuCl, cuprous chloride, white solid, covalent
|
| Copper (II) chloride |
CuCl2, cupric chloride, yellow-brown powder,
covalent, green fireworks, copper (II) chloride dihydrate CuCl2.2H2O
|
Copper (II)
hydroxide
|
Cu(OH)2, blue pigment
|
| Copper (II) nitrate (OXD 1477) |
Cu(NO3)2.3H2O, copper
nitrate crystals, blue solid, deliquescent, anhydrous form probably
covalent |
| Copper (I) oxide |
Cu2O, cuprous oxide, red copper oxide, cuprite,
for craft, red solid, insoluble (used to make red glass)
|
| Copper (II) oxide |
CuO, black copper oxide, cupric oxide, black solid, soluble
in dilute acids (used in
craft, deep blue colour in glass) |
| Copper (II) sulfate |
CuSO4.5H2O, copper (II)
sulfate (VI)-5-water, cupric sulfate, blue, triclinic crystals,
efflorescent
in dry air, anhydrous at 250oC, bluestone, blue stone, blue
vitriol, blue copperas, chalcanthite (Bordeaux mixture), wood
preservative
|
Copper
ferrocyanide
|
CU2Fe(CN)6, Hatchett's
Brown dye, Traube's colloidal solution (used to remove caesium &
strontium from radioactive waste)
|
Decanedioyl dichloride
|
ClOC(CH2)8COCl, sebacoyl chloride |
| 1, 6-Diaminohexane
(COR 2280) |
NH2(CH2)(CH2)NH2,
ethylenediamine, hexamethylene diamine, hexane-1, 6-diamine |
1, 4-Dichlorobenzene
|
C6H4Cl2, m.p. 53oC,
crystalline, deodorizer, mothballs |
Dichlorodifluoromethane
|
CCl2F2, Freon 12, b.p. -30oC
(refrigerant, solvent, fire extinguishers)
|
1, 2-Dichloroethane
|
ClCH2CH2Cl, ethylene dichloride |
| Dichloromethane (HARM
1593) |
CH2Cl2, methylene chloride, methylene
dichloride, colourless liquid, b.p. 41oC (solvent)
|
Disodium
hydrogen orthophosphate (V)
|
Na2HPO4.12H2O,
disodium
orthophosphate, sodium phosphate
dibasic, sodium phosphate dodecahydrate, white monoclinic or rhombic
crystals or granules, r.d. 1.5, m.p. 34oC
to 35oC, easily loses H2O, E339 (II)
|
| Dodecanol |
CH3(CH2)11OH, dodecan-1-ol,
lauryl alcohol |
| EDTA |
(HOOCCH2)2N(CH2)2N(CH2COOH)2,
ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid, sequestering agent for metal ions,
Mg2+, Ca2+
|
| EDTA disodium salt, |
(HOOCCH2)2N(CH2)2N(CH2COONa)2.2H2O
(0.1 M, solution + sodium azide) |
| Eriochrome black |
Solochrome black (metal indicator) |
| Ethanediol (ethane-1, 2 diol) (HARM
2810) |
CH2OH.CH2OH, ethylene glycol, glycol,
b.p. 197.5oC (anti-freeze & additives) |
| Ethanol, 95% (FLAM 1170) |
C2H5OH, ethyl alcohol, clear,
colourless, mobile liquid, volatile, inflammable, distinct odour,
miscible with water & most organic solvents, rectified spirit,
grain
alcohol, spirit of wine, constant boiling
mixture = 95.6%
ethanol & 4.4% water, b.p. -78.3oC, absolute
alcohol = 100% ethanol, r.d. 0.79 gm cm-3, b.p. 78.5oC,
absorbs moisture from air |
| Ethyl acetate (FLAM -4oC,
1173) |
CH3COOC2H5, colour less
liquid, fruity odour, b.p. 77oC, ethyl ethanoate (medicine,
lacquer solvent)
|
| Fehling's solution |
Fehling's solution No. 1 + Fehling's solution No. 2 (COR
1760)
(test for reducing sugar) |
| Formaldehyde solution (FLAM
HARM 1198) |
HCHO, gas readily soluble in water, methanal (+10% methanol)
formalin: 40% methanal solution (disinfectant, plastics)
|
| Formic acid (COR 1179) |
HCOOH, methanoic acid, hydrogen carboxylic acid, in ants
& stinging nettles, most simple carboxylic acid, HCOOH + H2O
<--> H3O+ + HCOO-, Ka = 1.8 X 10-4
|
Fructose
|
C6H12O6, D(-) fructose,
laevulose, fruit sugar, pure honey (D form, but laevorotatory, hence
"L-fructose")
|
| Glucose |
C6H12O6 (+) glucose, D(-)
glucose, anhydrous, blood sugar, glucose (for babies) dextrose |
| Glycerol |
CH2OH.CHOH.CH2OH, glycerin, clear,
viscous, odourless fluid, propane-123-triol, glycerine, propane-1, 2,
3-triol, glycerin jelly, b.p. 290oC & decomposes, r.d.
1.26, absorbs water from
air, miscible, soluble in water & alcohol (in cosmetics,
toothpaste,
shampoo, loosens stains)
|
| Glycine |
NH2CH2COOH, aminoacetic acid, powder |
| n-Hexane (FLAM -22oC, 1208) |
CH3(CH2)4CH3,
hexane-1, 6diamine, 1, 6-diaminohexane |
Hydrochloric acid (COR 1789)
36% by weight, 10 M
|
HCl, spirits of salts, muriatic acid, clear,
colourless, fuming
liquid (aqua regia: 3 vols concentrated HCl + 1 vol concentrated HNO3
concentrated HCl: 12 M, r.d. 1.18
gm cm-3, 12 mol dm-3, E507, dilute HCl 6 M,
(solution of hydrogen chloride gas) distinct odour |
Hydrogen
cyanide
|
HCN, hydrogen cyanide in water
(Prussic acid, hydrocyanic acid) very toxic
|
| Hydrogen peroxide (20 vols,
6%, 6 g / mL) |
H2O2, "peroxide", 6% or 3% w/w, 20
vols, 6% peroxide, decomposed by heat (bleaching agent, antiseptic) |
Invertase
|
b-fructosidase, ex-baker's yeast, powder |
| Iron (II) sulfate-7-water |
FeSO4.7H2O, iron sulfate, hydrated
ferrous sulfate, green vitriol, copperas, wood preservative, inks
|
| Iron (II) sulfide |
FeS, ferrous sulfide, lump, iron sulfide (pyrite, iron
pyrites, fool's gold, FeS2) |
| Iron (II) chloride |
FeCl2.4H2O, iron chloride, ferrous
chloride |
| Iron (III) chloride (COR 2582) |
FeCl3, FeCl3.6H2O, iron
chloride, ferric
chloride, flores martis (anhydrous), catalyst
|
| Iron (II) oxide |
FeO, iron oxide, black oxide of iron, ferrous iron (II)
oxide, E172 |
| Iron (II, III) oxide |
Fe3O4 (FeO.Fe2O3)
magnetic, magnetite, lodestone, iron ore |
| Iron (III) oxide |
Fe2O3.3H2O, red iron oxide,
red ferric oxide, yellow / brown pigment, haematite, red ochre, burnt
ore, burnt ochre, rust,
jewellers rouge polish, Venetian
red, crocus powder
|
| Kjeldahl catalyst |
(sodium sulfate + selenium) |
| Lactic acid |
CH3CHOHCOOH, 2-hydroxypropionic acid, E279 |
| Lactose |
C12H22O11.H2O,
milk sugar |
| Lead (II) ethanoate (HARM
1616) |
Pb(CH3COO)2.3H2O, lead (II)
acetate, lead
acetate, m.p. 75oC, sugar of lead, white to colourless,
monoclinic crystals or granules, slowly efflorescent, absorbs CO2
from air & becomes insoluble, test paper for H2S |
| Lead (II) bromide |
PbBr2, lead bromide |
| Lead (II) carbonate |
PbCO3, cerussite, basic lead carbonate (PbCO3
+ Pb(OH)2) white lead (basic lead carbonate)
white lead flux, paint
pigment |
| Lead (II) chloride |
PbCl2, lead chloride |
| Lead (II) nitrate (HARM 1469) |
Pb(NO3)2, lead nitrate, white to
colourless, translaucent cubic or monoclinic crystals, decomposes at 470oC,
only common soluble lead compound
|
| Lead (II) oxide, mono |
PbO, yellow lead oxide, litharge, flux, lead monoxide, lead
protoxide, massicott, used to make glass and enamels
|
| Lead (II) sulfate |
PbSO4, lead sulfate, green vitriol, blue lead
(lead sulfate
was previously in white paint) |
| Lead (II) sulfide |
PbS, lead sulfide, galena |
| Lead (IV) oxide |
PbO2, lead dioxide, car battery plates, lead-acid
accumulator (+ve
accumulator electrode) |
Lead oxide
|
Pb3O4 (2PbO.PbO2)
dilead (II) lead (IV) oxide, red lead, minium (red lead oxide,
anticorrosive paint
pigment, flux, for craft)
|
Lithium
carbonate
|
for craft flux, for craft
|
| Magnesium carbonate |
3MgCO3.Mg(OH)2.3H2O, light
powder, magnesite (carbonate of magnesia for craft) E504, heat
resistant products, dolomite MgCO3.CaCO3
|
| Magnesium chloride |
MgCl2, MgCl2.6H2O, magnesium
chloride crystals
(hygroscopic) E511, electrolysed to produce magensium metal
|
| Magnesium hydroxide |
Mg(OH)2, brucite (milk of magnesia is an
antacid
medicine) E528 |
| Magnesium nitrate (OXD
1474) |
Mg(NO3)2.6H2O, crystals |
| Magnesium oxide |
MgO, powder, magnesia, magnesite, periclase, E E530,
thermoluminescent
|
| Magnesium sulfate |
MgSO4.7H2O, hydrated magnesium sulfate,
kieserite, colourless to white, odourless, rhombic crystals or
granules, loses water of crystallization to dry air, anhydrous at 250oC,
bitter salt, Epsom salts (constipation medicine, unshrinking woollen
clothing, fire-proofing)
|
| Manganese (IV)
oxide |
MnO2, manganese dioxide, manganese black,
pyrolucite (in dry
cells, catalyst, oxidizing agent) |
| Manganese (II) sulfate |
MnSO4.H2O, manganous sulfate |
Mercury (I)
chloride
|
Hg2Cl2, calomel, white
crystals, r.d. 7.15, sublimes at 400oC
(reference electrode in calomel electric cells, mercury electrode in
potassium chloride solution + calomel) found with cinnabar
|
Mercury (II)
chloride
|
HgCl2, mercuric chloride,
colourkless, odourless, rhombic crystals or granules, r.d.5.4, m.p. 277oC,
solution is poisonous & very dangerous because it looks like water,
should NOT be in the school laboratory
|
Mercury (II)
fulminate
|
HG(CNO)2.1/2H2O, in cartridge detonators &
percussion caps
|
Mercury (II) oxide
|
HgO, mercuric oxide, yellow to orange, dense,
odourless powder, r.d. 11.14, decomposed by light, yellow oxide of
mercury or red oxide of mercury, store in dark bottles
|
Methanol
|
CH3OH, methyl alcohol, wood alcohol,
clear liquid, distinct odour, volatile, flammable, poisonous, cause
blindness
|
| Methylated spirit (FLAM
+13oC, 1170) |
C2H5OH, methylated ethanol (ethanol +
5% v/v
methanol, wood alcohol) denatured alcohol (+ 2% of methyl
alcohol, pyridine, other substances to be unfit for
drinking, e.g. menthol) (paint solvent)
|
Monosodium glutamate, MSG
|
C5H8NNaO4.H2O,
HOOCCH(NH2)CH2CH2COONa, sodium
hydrogen glutamate, white crystals, solunble in water, flavour
enhancer but some people allergic, formerly from seaweed Laminaria
japonica
|
Nickel (II) chloride-6-water
|
NiCl2.6H2O, green crystals, nickel
chloride
|
| Nickel sulfate |
NiSO4.6H2O, blue salts, green crystals |
| Nicotine |
C10H14N2, pyridine
alkaloid, colourless, poisonous & addictive, in tobacco leaves |
| Nicotinic
acid |
C5H4NCOOH, niacin, in Vitamin B
complex (absence causes
disease pellagra) |
Nitric acid (COR 2031) 70% by
weight, 15 M
|
HNO3, clear, colourless, fuming, corrosive liquid,
aqua fortis, spirits of nitre, becomes yellow brown in
light, concentrated acid very hygroscopic, concentrated HNO3,
16 M, r.d. 1.42 gm
cm-3, 16 mol
dm-3 r.d.
fuming HNO3:
1.50 gm cm-3, 24 mol dm-3, dilute HNO3,
6 M
|
Nitrobenzene
|
C6H5NO2,
mononitrobenzene, pale yellow, oily liquid, unpleasant almond odour,
poisonous, r.d. 1.2, b.p. 211oC
|
| Oleic acid |
C17H33COOH, red oil, m.p.14oC |
Oxalic acid (HARM 2449)
|
(COOH)2.2H2O, ethanedioic acid-2-water,
acid of sugar, colourless, white, odourless, monoclinic crystals or
granules, r.d. 1.62, m.p. 101oC - 102oC, sublimes
easily above 100oC, decomposed by heat (in rhubarb &
many
plants) |
| Paraffin |
Paraffin liquid, r.d. 0.87 to 0.89, m.p. 45oC to 65oC,
medicinal paraffin, petrolatum
(paraffins, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, CnH2n+2)
(paraffin wax, higher hydrocarbon alkanes from petroleum) (kerosine,
also "paraffin oil") |
| Pentan-1-ol (FLAM +21.57oC) |
CH3(CH2)3CH2OH,
n-pentyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol |
Phosphorus (V)
oxide
|
P4O10, phosphorus
pentoxide, white powder, hexagonal crystals, deliquescent,
thermoluminescent
|
| Phosphoric
acid (COR 1805) |
H3PO4, orthophosphoric acid, phosphoric
(V) acid, as solution is colourless, odourless liquid, r.d. 1.71 to
1.75, miscible with water & ethanol, "Kill-rust", E33, weak acid,
or
white rhombic solid H3PO4 |
| Potassium bromide |
KBr, potassium bromide, colourless, white, cubic crystals or
granules, r.d. 2.75, m.p. 730oC (photography, sedative) |
Potassium carbonate
|
K2CO3, "potash", pearl ash, salt of
tartar, white, odourless
granules, anhydrous potassium carbonate, r.d. 2.29, m.p. 891oC
(hygroscopic, cakes in moist air) E501, strong alkaline solution
|
| Potassium chlorate
(FLAM 1485) |
KClO3, potassium chlorate (V), potassium
perchlorate, Berthollet's salt, colourless, white, odourless,
monoclinic crystals, r.d.
2.32, m.p. 368oC
then decomposes, explodes in contact with sulfur compounds (in
explosives & weedkillers)
|
| Potassium chloride. |
KCl, sylvite mineral, muriate of potash fertilizer, white,
odourless, cubic crystals or powder, slightly hygroscopic, diet
salt substitute, E508, in waters of Dead Sea
|
| Potassium chromate
(HARM 2811) |
K2Cr2O3, lemon yellow
crystals, potassium chromate, m.p. 975oC, alkaline aqueous
solution
|
| Potassium dichromate
(POISON OXD 1479) |
K2Cr2O7,
potassium
dichromate (VI), potassium bichromate, red prussiate of potash, ferro
prussiate, bichrome, orange to red, odourless, monoclinic crystals or
granules, r.d. 2.69, m.p. 398oC, toxic & fire risk from
oxidation
|
| Potassium ferricyanide |
K3Fe(CN)6, potassium hexacyano ferrate
(III), ruby red, monoclinic crystals, heat
decomposes then melts, r.d. 1.89, case-hardening agent, Prussian blue
dye, chemical analysis colour reactions
|
| Potassium ferrocyanide |
K4Fe(CN)6.3H2O, potassium
hexacyano ferrate
(II), yellow prussiate of soda, yellow monoclinic crystals, r.d. 1.85,
case hardening agent, efflorescent, anyhdrous at 100oC
|
| Potassium hydroxide (COR
1813) |
KOH, "caustic potash", lye, potassa, white pellets, KOH
"sticks" or
rods in
water, lumps, flakes, very deliquescent, absorbs CO2 from
air, heat from dissolving in water, r.d. 2.044, m.p. 380oC,
E525, potassium lye, damages eyes
|
| Potassium hydrogen carbonate |
KHCO3, potassium bicarbonate, colourless,
odourless, white granules, r.d. 2.17, used in buffers, occurs as
calcinite
|
| Potassium hydrogen tartrate
(KHC4H4O7) |
HOOC(CHOH)2COOK, cream of tartar (beeswing) acid
potassium
tartrate, potassium bitartrate, argol (used in baking
powder) |
| Potassium iodate (V) |
KIO3, potassium iodate, white, monoclinic
crystals or granules, slightly deliquescent, r.d. 3.89, m.p. 560oC,
(ingredient of iodized
"table salt"), store out of light
|
Potassium iodide
|
KI, colourless, white crystals or granules, r.d. 3.12, m.p.
698oC, slightly deliquescent in moist air, becomes yellow
when iodine lost
to air (chemical analysis, photography, ingredient of iodized "table
salt")
tincture of iodine medicine, solvent for iodine forming KI3
(aq) a test for starch
|
Potassium monoxide
|
K2O, "potash", K2O in fertilizer |
| Potassium manganate (VII)
(OXD 1490) |
KMnO4, potassium permanganate, dark purple,
bronze, odourless, rhombic crystals, r.d.2.7, heat decomposes (Condy's
crystals medicine), distinct sweet bitter taste, oxidizing agent
disinfectant, chemistry analytical reagent, MnO4-
ion
|
| Potassium nitrate (OXD 1486) |
KNO3,
"saltpetre", "saltpeter", nitre, niter, Bengali saltpetre, colourless,
odourless, trigonal or rhombic crystals or white granules, r.d. 2.11,
m.p.333oC, decomposes at 400oC to lose O2,
(nitrate of
potash
fertilizer, fireworks, food preservative, explosive) E252
|
| Potassium nitrite (OXD 1488) |
KNO2, white to yellow deliquescent solid, m.p. 440oC,
explodes above600oC
|
| Potassium sodium
tartrate-4-water |
KNaC4H4O6.4H2O,
double salt sodium potassium tartrate, potassium sodium
tartrate, potassium sodium 2, 3-dihydroxybutanedioate, Rochelle salt,
Seignette's
salt, Seidlitz powder, saline cooling taste, piezoelectric
|
| Potassium sulfate, powder |
K2SO4, sulfate of potash fertilizer,
E515 |
| Potassium sulfide |
K2S, liver of sulfur, sulfurated potash
(depilatory) |
Potassium
thiocyanate
|
KCNS, colourless prisms, r.d. 1.89, m.p. about
173oC, deliquescent
|
Resorcinol (HARM 2876)
|
C6H4(OH)2, crystals,
resorcin, benzene-1-3-diol, 1, 3
benzenediol (turns red in light) (a dihydroxy phenol) (antiseptic)
|
Salicyclic acid
|
HOC6H4COOH, 1-hydroxybenzoic acid,
crystals, used
to make aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, an antithrombic, anti-platelet
& pain-relieving medicine
|
| Sebacoyl chloride (COR 1760) |
COCl(CH2)8COCl, decane dioyl dichloride |
| Silica |
SiO2, Silicon (IV) oxide, silicon oxide, silicon
dioxide, E551, quartz sand (Silica gel desiccant is hygroscopic
amorphous hydrated
silica + CoCl2, self-indicating moisture test, e.g.
"Tell-Tale".) |
| Silicon carbide |
SiC "Carborundum", abrasive, emery paper |
Silver bromide
|
silver(I) bromide, Ag Br, yellow solid,
dissolves in concentrated ammonia solution (photography emulsions)
|
Silver
chloride
|
silver
(I) chloride, AgCl, white solid, cerargyrite, horn silver, kerargyrite,
dissolves in ammonia solution (photography emulsions, pottery glaze)
expensive!
|
Silver iodide
|
silver(I) iodide, AgI, not dissolve in ammonia
solution, yellow solid, crystals similar to ice so used in cloud seeding
|
Silver nitrate (OXD POISON 1493)
|
AgNO3, large, odourless, transparent, rhombic
crystals or
small white crystals, lunar caustic sticks for cauterizing, r.d. 4.35,
m.p. 212oC, water-soluble, becomes dark with organic matter,
test for halogens, store
in cool dark place
|
| Soda lime, powder (COR 1907) |
Tests for CO2 (off-white-active, violet-exhausted)
For anaesthetics, the pH
indicator ethyl violet is added to tell whether the soda lime can still
absorb carbon dioxide. The critical pH is 10.3. It turns from
colourless to violet.
|
| Sodium acetate trihydrate |
CH3COONa.3H2O, sodium
ethanoate-3-water, E262
|
| Sodium
bisulfite |
Na2S2O5,
crystals, sodium
metabisulfite, sodium pyrosulfite, beer-making & wine-making kits
for the home |
| Sodium carbonate, decahydrate |
Na2CO3.10H2O, washing
soda, sodium carbonate crystals, sal soda, crystal carbonate, black
ash, trona, E500 white, odourless powder, hygroscopic, soluble in water
to form alkaline solution, not decomposed by heat, (also anhydrous
sodium carbonate, soda ash anhydrous, Na2CO3,
r.d. 2.53, m.p. 851oC ) glass production, softens "hard"
water
|
Sodium chlorate I
|
NaClO, domestic bleach, oxidizing agent
|
| Sodium chlorate V (OXD 1495) |
NaClO3, white solid, crystalline, bleach, weed
killer
|
| Sodium chloride |
NaCl, white, cubic crystals (colourless if
large) or granules, r.d. 2.17, m.p. 804oC, common salt,
table salt, sodium chloride technical grade, rock salt, halite, sea
salt, brine, salt chlorination of swimming pools, animals
lick natural salt or artificial blocks of salt from a salt lick, not
hygroscopic if pure, for flavouring and food preservative, essential in
diet
|
| Sodium citrate |
Na3C6H5O7.2H2O,
basic, crystalline, trisodium citrate, trisodium-2-hydroxypropane-1, 2,
3-tricarboxy (food
buffer) E331
|
Sodium
cobaltinitrite
|
Na3Co(NO2)6,
yellow to brown crystals or powder, solution decomposes unless acetic
acid added
|
| Sodium
dihydrogen phosphate (V) |
NaH2PO4, sodium dihydrogen
orthophosphate, monosodium
orthophosphate, also monohydrate NaH2PO4.H2O
& dihydrate NaH2PO4.2H2O, white,
odourless, rhombic crystals, insoluble in alcohol, slightly
deliquescent, anhydrous at 100oC, in
baking powder, food additive, buffers, E339 (I) |
| Sodium hexametaphosphate |
NaPO3(Na2O) "Calgon", water softener
(Also
calcium hexametaphosphate) |
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
|
NaHCO3,
sodium
bicarbonate, baking soda, bicarbonate of soda, bicarb, bicarb
soda, soda, carb soda, saleratus, white, odourlessmonoclinic crystals
or granules, alkaline salt, r.d. 2.16 - 2.22, decomposes to lose CO2
form sodium carbonate above 50oC, (penetrates stains &
dissolves grease) (in self-raising
flour, baking powders, fire extinguishers, indigestion medicine)
|
Sodium hydrogen
phosphate
|
Na2HPO4, sodium
hydrogenphosphate
|
| Sodium hydrogen sulfate (COR
1821) |
NaHSO4.H2O, sodium bisulfate, swimming
pool acid
|
| Sodium hydrogen
sulfite |
NaHSO3 (antiseptic & bleach) |
| Sodium hydrogen
tartrate |
sodium
bitartrate, tartaric acid monosodium salt, NaO2CCH(OH)CH(OH)CO2H |
| Sodium hydroxide (COR 1823) |
NaOH, white rods, flakes, lumps, granules, very hygroscopic
& absorbs CO2 from air, r.d. 2.13, m.p. about 318oC,
caustic soda, soda, soda lye, white caustic, caustic drain cleaner 5%
caustic soda, E524, dilute solution 6 M, 1.22 gm cm-3, cakes
if stored for long period, a caustic alkali, pH solution >10, soap
making, rayon and paper industry
|
| Sodium hypochlorite (COR) |
NaOCl (4% Cl2) solution (store below 25oC)
(household bleach, domestic bleach, 5% NaOCl, bleaching fluid) chlorine
water, chloride of soda, chlorine bleach, water treatment of swimming
pools |
| Sodium nitrate (OXD 1498) |
NaNO3, sodium
nitrate (V), nitrate of soda, soda
nitre, Chili saltpeter, colourless, odourless, transparent, trigonal
crystals or
white granules, r.d. 2.26, m.p. 308oC, deliquescent in moist
air, Chile saltpetre from caliche deposits, Chile
nitre (agricultural
fertilizer)
E251
|
| Sodium nitrite (OXD HARM 1500) |
NaNO2, sodium nitrate (III), white to yellow
rhombic crystals or granules, r.d. 2.17, m.p. 271oC,
hygroscopic granules, (inhibits corrosion) E250 |
Sodium phosphate
|
Na3PO4
|
Sodium silicate
|
(Na2O 8.6%, SiO2 28%) solution,
waterglass, water glass, soluble glass, egg preservative, fireproofing |
Sodium sulfate crystals
|
Na2SO4.10H2O, mirabilite
mineral, hydrated, crystals, Glauber's salt, Glaubers salts, cake,
mirabilite, purgative medicine, E514
(Sodiun sulfate anhydrous Na2SO4, white
hygroscopic
powder, r.d. 2.67, m.p. 888oC)
|
Sodium sulfite crystals
|
Na2SO3.7H2O, hydrated,
sodium
sulfate (IV)-7-water, E221 (Sodium sulfite anhydrous, Na2SO3,
white hexagonal crystals or powder, r.d. 2.63, alkaline in water) |
| Sodium tartrate |
Na2C4H4O6.2H2O,
crystals, sodium (+)tartrate, E335 |
Sodium tetraborate (borax)
|
Na2B4O7.10H2O,
borax, sodium borate, sodium tetraborate decahydrate, di-sodium
tetraborate, colourless, white, odourless, monoclinic crystals or
granules, r.d. 1.73, m.p. 75oC, efflorescent in dry air,
melts at 75oC, anhydrous at 320oC, E285, mildly
toxic so avoid ingesting & skin contact
(fungicide, insecticide, detergent booster)
|
Sodium thiosulfate-5-water
|
Na2S2O3.5H2O,
antichlor, colourless, odourless, monoclinic crystals or white
granules, r.d. 1.69, m.p. 48oC, efflorescent in dry air,
deliquescent in moist air, sodium hyposulfite
(deliquescent) hypo (photography)
|
Stearic acid
|
CH3(CH2)16COOH, powder,
octadecanoic
acid, m.p. 68oC to 69.5oC (in fats) |
Sucrose
|
C12H22O11, D-Sucrose, common
sugar, cane sugar, table sugar |
Sulfur
|
S, brimstone, flowers of sulfur
|
Sulfuric acid (COR 1830) 98% by
weight, 36 M
|
H2SO4, oleum, fuming sulfuric acid, oil
of
vitriol. concentrated H2SO4, clear, colourless,
oily liquid, very hygroscopic, 18 M acid, r.d. about 1.84, 18 mol dm-3,
r.d. fuming H2SO4: 1.92
gm cm-3 (for
accumulators) battery acid r.d. 1.25 gm cm-3, E513, dilute H2SO4,
3 M, store in cool place
|
Sulfurous acid
|
H2SO3, 6% SO2 solution in
water, clear, colourless solution, penetrating SO2 odour,
oxidizes in air to sulfuric acid |
| (+) Tartaric acid |
(CHOHCOOH)2, (CHOH)2(COOH)2,
C4H6O6, racemic acid (+)2,
3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid, colourless, odourless, transparent,
monoclinic
crystals, or white granules, r.d. 1.76, m.p. 168 to 170oC
E334 |
Tin (II) chloride crystals
|
SnCl2.2H2O, stannous chloride, butter
of
tin, colourless, monoclinic crystals, absorbs O2 from air to
form insoluble stannous oxychloride, r.d. 2.71, m.p.
37 to 38oC (Also anhydrous SnCl2) |
| Tin (IV) oxide |
SnO2, tin dioxide, from cassiterite,
tinstone, tin
oxide, tin ashes, stannic oxide for craft |
| Titanium (IV) oxide |
TiO2, titanium dioxide, colour white, opacifer,
"white out" correction fluid, white
pigments for tennis
shoes, white paint, from mineral rutile, ilmenite FeTiO3, food
additive, E171
|
| 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane |
CH3CCl3 (E512) methyl
chloroform (grease solvent, safer
alternative to tetrachloromethane, carbon tetrachloride) |
Trisodium
phosphate (V)
|
Na3PO4.12H2O, sodium
orthophosphate, "sodium
phosphate", tribasic, trisodium orthophosphate, "TSP", colourless to
white
odourless, trigonal crystals, (sodium phosphate decahydrate Na3PO4.10H2O)
(sodium phosphate dodecahydrate Na3PO4.12H2O)
r.d. 1.6, m.p. about
73oC, acidity regulator, food
buffer, thickener E339
|
| Urea |
CO(NH2)2,
carbamide, urea fertilizer, E927b |
| Zinc carbonate |
ZnCO3.2ZnO.3H2O, smithsonite, calamine.
Calamine lotion is used as an emollient preparation for itches &
rashes.
|
| Zinc chloride (COR 2331) |
ZnCl2, 32% in HCl soldering flux, "killed
spirits", butter of zinz
|
| Zinc oxide |
ZnO, white to yellow, amorphous powder, r.d. 5.47, m.p. above
1 800oC, white pigment, zincite, white zinc, zinc white,
Chinese white, spartalite, craft, zinc cream
medicine
|
Zinc sulfate
|
ZnSO4.7H2O, colourless, odourless,
white
rhombic crystals or powder, r.d. 1.97, m.p. about 50oC,
efflorescent in dry air, anhydrous at 200oC, decomposes
above 500oC, white
vitriol, zinc vitriol, white copperas, gosla rite
|
Zinc sulfide
|
ZnS, yellow-white solid, soluble, siublimes,
sphalerite or zinc blende, phosphor, pigment
|
|
| Zirconium (IV)
oxide |
ZnO2, zirconia, baddeleyite, for craft, fuel
cell electrolyte |