| Chemical Name (Hazard classification, United Nations number) | Molecular formula, synonyms or similar or mineral (notes on use) | |
| Acetic acid, pure (FLAM < 43oC
COR 2789)17 M |
CH3COOH, ethanoic acid, colourless, liquid, r.d. glacial acetic acid, 17 M, 1.05 gm cm-3, b.p. 118oC, solidifies 16.7oC, dilute acetic acid, 6 M, miscible water, pungent odour, "glacial" ethanoic acid (vinegar, eisel, about 4% acetic acid, sour wine) E260 (anti-bacterial medicine, cleaner, sanitizer, stain remover, food) | |
| Acetone (FLAM -20oC 1090) | (CH3)2C=O, dimethyl ketone,
2-propanone, colourless, clear, volatile
liquid, r.d. 0.79 gm cm-3,
b.p. 56.5oC, miscible water, ether oils, sharp sweet taste
(solvent for resins, primers, plastics, formerly in nail polish remover) |
|
| Adipic acid |
hexanedioic acid, butanedicarboxylic acid (CH2)4(COOH)2,
colourless needles (make nylon 6,6 and polyester resin) |
|
| Aluminium chloride, hydrated | AlCl3.6H2O | |
| Aluminium oxide | Al2O3, alumina, corundum (ruby, saphire) diamantine, emery powder, alumina Al2O3 corroded aluminium, bauxite: hydrated aluminium oxides Al2O3.nH2O + laterite (alumina hydrate for craft, emery used as abrasive and polisher) | |
| Aluminium potassium sulfate | Al2(SO4)3.K2(SO4).24H2O, potash alum, potassium alum, kalinite, hydrated aluminium potassium sulfate, aluminium potassium sulfate 12-hydrate, alum. Alums are double salts that crystallize as octahedra, e.g. common alum AlK(SO4)2.12H2O or KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, E552 | |
| Aluminium sulfate | Al2(SO4)3.18H2O ("in foam" fire extinguishers, water filter powder, used as flocculation agent) wrongly called "alum", E520 | |
| Ammonia
soln, NH3(aq) (COR 2672) (28%) 18 M |
NH3(aq) colourless liquid, suffocating pungent
odour, absorbs CO2 from air < 10% actual NH3,
"880"
ammonia concentrated soln. concentrated ammonia solution, 15 M, r.d.
0.88 gm cm-3, aqua ammonia, ammonia
water, ammonia hydrate, spirits of hartshorn, Liq.
Amm. Fort (Not "ammonium
hydroxide"!) "not NH4OH", 16 mol dm-3,
"cloudy
ammonia" contains soap soln, E527, dilute ammonia solution, 6 M |
|
| Ammonium carbonate | NH4HCO3 (+ NH2COONH4) crystal ammonia (sal volatile, smelling salts, hartshorn, salt of hartshorn, ammonium sesquicarbonate) (Also ammonium bicarbonate sal volatile) E503 | |
| Ammonium chloride | NH4Cl, colourless odourless cubic crystals, crystal mass, white granular powder, sublimes without melting, weakly hygroscopic, sal ammoniac (soldering flux, dry cell flux in torch battery) | |
| Ammonium dichromate (VI) (OXD 1439) | (NH4)2Cr2O7,
orange red crystals, heat decomposes, ammonium dichromate (Not
"ammonium bichromate") (Also ammonium chromate (NH4)2CrO4,
yellow crystals, decompose at 185oC) |
|
| Ammonium iron (II) sulfate | (NH4)2SO4 FeSO4.6H2O, ferrous ammonium sulfate, Mohr's salt, pale blue green crystals, in air slowly oxidizing and efflorescent | |
| Ammonium molybdate (VII) |
(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O,
ammonium paramolybdate, powder |
|
| Ammonium nitrate (OXD 1942) | NH4NO3, nitrate of ammonia garden fertilizer | |
| Ammonium oxalate (HARM 2449) | ammonium ethanedioate-1-water (COONH4)2.H2O, colourless odourless crystals, white granules, heat decomposes before melting | |
| Ammonium phosphate | triammonium phosphate (V)-4-water | |
| Ammonium sulfate | (NH4)2SO4, colourless odourless crystals, white granules, decomposes above 280oC, sulfate of ammonia garden fertilizer, E517 | |
| Antimony salts |
antimony
oxysulfide (antimony red, vermillion) antimony trioxide (antimony
bloom) antimony trichloride (butter of antimony) antimony trisulfide
(antimony black) |
|
| Barium carbonate (HARM 1564) | BaCO3, witherite (used for craft, barium oxide flux) | |
| Barium chloride-2-water (HARM 1564) | BaCl2.2H2O, colourless crystals, white
granules, barium chloride, m.p. 925oC |
|
| Barium hydroxide | Ba(OH)2, barium hydroxide soln. (baryta water) |
|
| Barium sulfate | BaSO4, barium white, blanc-fixe, fixed white, permanent white, barytes, heavy spar, almost insoluble in water, forms heavy white precipitate (x-ray contrast meal, soil analysis, lake paint pigments) | |
| Biuret reagent (FLAM 2924) | (Tests for proteins, urea) | |
| Borax |
di-sodium tetraborate-10-water, washing powders, bath cleaning, E285, sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, tynkal, borax (preservative) (not allowed most countries) (toxic, may cause skin problems) | |
| Boric acid | H3BO3, colourless odourless white transparent crystals, m.p. about 160oC, heat decomposes it to the anhydride B2O3, orthoboric acid, trioxyboric (III) acid, occurs near fumaroles (boracic acid, eye medicine) E284 | |
| Butanedione (FLAM 2346) | CH3COCOCH3, 2,3-Butanedione,
dimethylglyoxal,
dimethyldiketone, diacetyl, biacetyl, butter flavour, creamy odour |
|
| n-Butyric acid (COR 2820) | C2H5CH2COOH, butanoic acid, ethylacetic acid, fermentation, n-butyric acid | |
| Calcium carbide (FLAM) | CaC2, calcium dicarbide, "carbide" acetylenogen (cave explorer lamps, formerly in bicycle headlamps) | |
| Calcium carbonate | CaCO3, powder, almost insoluble in water unless dissolved CO2 present, calcite, chalk, limestone, Iceland spar, marble chips, whiting, chalk, precipitated chalk, pearl, coral, egg shells, white wash, calcimine, seashells (in antacid medicines to suppress reflux Calcium carbonate, powder CaCO3, calcite, limestone, Iceland spar, marble chips, whiting, chalk, pearl, coral, Vienna lime, E170 firming agent food additive) | |
| Calcium dihydrogen phosphate | Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O, calcium tetrahydrogen di-orthophosphate | |
| Calcium chloride | CaCl2, white granules, lump, very hygroscopic, m.p. 772oC (drying agent) E509 | |
| Calcium fluoride | CaF2, fluorspar, fluorite, white crystalline solid, thermoluminescent, for craft (source of hydrofluoric acid and fluorine, used in opal glass) | |
| Calcium hydrogen
carbonate |
calcium hydrogencarbonate, calcium bicarbonate,
Ca(HCO3)2, temporary hardness, stable in solution |
|
| Calcium hydroxide | Ca(OH)2, powder, limewater, slaked lime, hydrated
lime, caustic lime
(whitewash, milk of lime) E526, limewater |
|
| Calcium hypochlorite (OXD 2208) | (30% chlorine) chlorinated lime, chloride of lime, calcium oxychloride white-grey powder, irritating odour, exothermic when dissolved in water, may explode if not stored securely (bleaching powder is Calcium hypochlorite [calcium chlorate (I) chlorinated lime] and calcium hydroxide, water sanitizing, whitening agent, "solid chlorine" is 70% chlorine for swimming pools) | |
| Calcium magnesium carbonate | CaCO3MgCO3, dolomite [also, any high Mg:Ca carbonate rock is called "dolomite"] | |
| Calcium nitrate (OXD 1454) | Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, crystals | |
| Calcium oxide (COR 1759) | CaO, lump, quicklime, lime, caustic lime, burnt lime, E529,
thermoluminescent in oxy-hydrogen flame, limelight |
|
| Calcium phosphate (V) | Ca3(PO4)2, white powder, insoluble, from apatite mineral Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl) and rock phosphate, from animal bones (used for fertilizer, faciltate uptake of DNA into cells, "bone ash" for craft) E341 Calcium phosphates (buffer, sequestrant) formerly called calcium orthophosphate | |
| Calcium sulfate | CaSO4.2H2O, powder, calcium sulfate
dihydrate, gypsum, calcium hemihydrate (plaster
of Paris, CaSO4.1/2H2O, potter's
plaster, school chalk, blackboard chalk, selenite,
craft
modelling powder) E516 (can be shaped before setting, stain remover) |
|
| Cetyl alcohol | Hexadecan-1-ol, CH3(CH2)14CH2OH | |
| Chromic acid |
Chromic (VI) acid (sodium chromate in sulfuric acid) glass cleaning | |
| Chromium (III) oxide | Cr2O3, chromium oxide, chromium trioxide, chromic oxide, chrome green, green chromium oxide for craft | |
| Chromium (III) sulfate | CrK(SO4)2.12H2O, chrome
alum, chromic potassium sulfate |
|
| Citric acid | COOHCH2C(OH)COOHCH2COOH.H2O, C6H8O7, HOOCCH2C(OH)(COOH)CH2COOH, colourless odourless translucent crystals, granules, powder, "2-hydroxy propane-1,2,3-carboxylic acid-1-water", m.p. about 100oC, slightly deliquescent in moist air, loses water of crystallization in dry air (lemon juice) | |
| Cobalt (II) chloride | CoCl2.6H2O, dark red crystals, cobalt chloride, cobaltous chloride (test for water) | |
| Cobalt (II) nitrate (OXD 1477) | Co(NO3)2.6H2O, red
deliquescent crystals, m.p. 50 - 60oC, |
|
| Copper (II) carbonate | CuCO3.Cu(OH)2.H2O, basic
copper carbonate (azurite), cupric carbonate, green precipitate, bremen
blue,
green verditer, craft green
glaze |
|
| Copper (I) chloride | CuCl, cuprous chloride, white solid, covalent |
|
| Copper (II) chloride | CuCl2, cupric chloride, brown-yellow powder, covalent, copper (II) chloride dihydrate CuCl2.2H2O | |
| Copper (II) nitrate (OXD 1477) | Cu(NO3)2.3H2O, copper nitrate crystals, blue solid, deliquescent, anhydrous form probably covalent | |
| Copper (I) oxide | Cu2O, cuprous oxide, red copper oxide, cuprite,
for craft, red solid, insoluble (used to make red glass) |
|
| Copper (II) oxide | CuO, black copper oxide, cupric oxide, black solid, soluble in dilute acids (used in craft, deep blue colour in glass) | |
| Copper (II) sulfate | CuSO4.5H2O, blue crystals, efflorescent
in dry air, anhydrous at 250oC, copper (II)
sulfate (VI)-5-water, bluestone, blue stone, blue
vitriol, blue copperas, chalcanthite (Bordeaux mixture) |
|
| Copper
ferrocyanide |
CU2Fe(CN)6, Hatchett's
Brown dye, Traube's colloidal solution (used to remove caesium and
strontium from radioactive waste) |
|
| Decanedioyl dichloride |
ClOC(CH2)8COCl, sebacoyl chloride | |
| 1,6-Diaminohexane (COR 2280) | NH2(CH2)(CH2)NH2, ethylenediamine, hexamethylene diamine, hexane-1,6-diamine | |
| 1,4-Dichlorobenzene |
C6H4Cl2, m.p. 53oC, crystalline, deodorizer, mothballs | |
| Dichlorodifluoromethane |
CCl2F2, Freon 12, b.p. -30oC
(refrigerant, solvent, fire extinguishers) |
|
| 1,2-Dichloroethane |
ClCH2CH2Cl, ethylene dichloride | |
| Dichloromethane (HARM 1593) | CH2Cl2, methylene chloride,
methylene dichloride, colourless liquid, b.p. 41oC (solvent) |
|
| Disodium orthophosphate | Na2HPO4.12H2O,
disodium
hydrogen orthophosphate, white crystals, granular powder, m.p. 34 - 35oC,
easily loses H2O, dodecahydrate, sodium phosphate
dibasic, di-sodium hydrogenphosphate (V) E339 (Ii) |
|
| Dodecanol | CH3(CH2)11OH, dodecan-1-ol, lauryl alcohol | |
| EDTA | (HOOCCH2)2N(CH2)2N(CH2COOH)2,
ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid, sequestering agent for metal ions,
Mg2+, Ca2+ |
|
| EDTA disodium salt, | (HOOCCH2)2N(CH2)2N(CH2COONa)2.2H2O (0.1 M, soln. + sodium azide) | |
| Eriochrome black | Solochrome black (metal indicator) | |
| Ethanediol (ethane-1,2 diol) (HARM 2810) | CH2OH.CH2OH, ethylene glycol, glycol, b.p. 197.5oC (anti-freeze and additives) | |
| Ethanol, 95% (FLAM 1170) | C2H5OH, colourless liquid, miscible with water and most organic solvents, rectified spirit, grain alcohol, spirit of wine, constant boiling mixture = 95.6% ethanol and 4.4% water, b.p. -78.3oC, absolute alcohol = 100% ethanol, r.d. 0.79 gm cm-3, b.p. 78.5oC, absorbs moisture from air | |
| Ethyl acetate (FLAM -4oC, 1173) | CH3COOC2H5, colour less
liquid, fruity odour, b.p. 77oC, ethyl ethanoate (medicine,
lacquer solvent) |
|
| Fehling's solution | Fehling's soln. No. 1 + Fehling's soln. No. 2 (COR 1760) (test for reducing sugar) | |
| Formaldehyde solution (FLAM HARM 1198) | HCHO, gas readily soluble in water, methanal (+10% methanol)
formalin: 40% methanal soln. (disinfectant, plastics) |
|
| Formic acid (COR 1179) | HCOOH, methanoic acid, hydrogen carboxylic acid, in ants and
stinging nettles, most simple carboxylic acid, HCOOH + H2O
<--> H3O+ + HCOO-, Ka = 1.8 X 10-4 |
|
| Fructose |
C6H12O6, D(-) fructose,
laevulose, fruit sugar, pure honey (D form, but laevorotatory, so
called "L-fructose") |
|
| Glucose | C6H12O6 (+) glucose, D(-) glucose, anhydrous, blood sugar, glucose (for babies) dextrose | |
| Glycerol | CH2OH.CHOHCH2OH, glycerin, clear,
viscous, odourless fluid, propane-123-triol, glycerine,
propane-1,2,3-triol, glycerin jelly, b.p. 290oC and
decomposes, r.d. 1.26 gm cm-3, absorber water from
air, soluble in water and alcohol (in cosmetics, toothpaste, shampoo,
loosens stains) |
|
| Glycine | NH2CH2COOH, aminoacetic acid, powder | |
| n-Hexane (FLAM -22oC, 1208) | CH3(CH2)4CH3, hexane-1,6diamine, 1,6-diaminohexane | |
| Hydrochloric acid (COR 1789)
36% by weight, 10 M |
HCl, spirits of salts, spirit of salt, muriatic acid, clear colourless fuming liquid (aqua regia: 3 vols concentrated HCl + 1 vol concentrated HNO3, nitrohydrochloric acid) concentrated HCl: 12 M, r.d. 1.18 gm cm-3, 12 mol dm-3, E507, dilute HCl 6 M | |
| Hydrogen
cyanide |
HCN, hydrogen cyanide in water
(Prussic acid, hydrocyanic acid), very toxic |
|
| Hydrogen peroxide (20 vols, 6%, 6 g / mL) | H2O2, "peroxide", 6% or 3% w/w, 20 vols, 6% peroxide, decomposed by heat (bleaching agent, antiseptic) | |
| Invertase |
b-fructosidase, ex-baker's yeast, powder | |
| Iron (II) sulfate-7-water | FeSO4.7H2O, iron sulfate, hydrated ferrous sulfate, green vitriol, copperas | |
| Iron (II) sulfide | FeS, ferrous sulfide, lump, iron sulfide (pyrite, iron pyrites, fool's gold, FeS2) | |
| Iron (II) chloride | FeCl2.4H2O, iron chloride, ferrous chloride | |
| Iron (III) chloride (COR 2582) | FeCl3.6H2O, iron chloride, ferric
chloride, flores martis (anhydrous) |
|
| Iron (II) oxide | FeO, iron oxide, black oxide of iron, ferrous iron (II) oxide, E172 | |
| Iron (II, III) oxide | Fe3O4 (FeO.Fe2O3) magnetic, magnetite, lodestone, iron ore | |
| Iron (III) oxide | Fe2O3.3H2O, red iron oxide,
red ferric oxide, haematite, red ochre, burnt ore, burnt ochre, rust,
jewellers rouge, Venetian
red, crocus powder |
|
| Kjeldahl catalyst | (sodium sulfate + selenium) | |
| Lactic acid | CH3CHOHCOOH, 2-hydroxypropionic acid, E279 | |
| Lactose | C12H22O11.H2O, milk sugar | |
| Lead (II) ethanoate (HARM 1616) | Pb(CH3COO)2.3H2O, lead (II) acetate, lead acetate, m.p. 75oC, sugar of lead, crystals, granules, slowly efflorescent, absorbs CO2 from air, test paper for H2S | |
| Lead (II) bromide | PbBr2, lead bromide | |
| Lead (II) carbonate | PbCO3, cerussite, basic lead carbonate (PbCO3 + Pb(OH)2) white lead (basic lead carbonate), white lead flux, paint pigment | |
| Lead (II) chloride | PbCl2, lead chloride | |
| Lead (II) nitrate (HARM 1469) | Pb(NO3)2, lead nitrate, white or
colourless crystals, decomposes at 470oC |
|
| Lead (II) oxide, mono | PbO, yellow lead oxide, litharge, flux, lead monoxide, lead protoxide, massicott | |
| Lead (II) sulfate | PbSO4, lead sulfate, green vitriol, blue lead (lead sulfate was previously in white paint) | |
| Lead (II) sulfide | PbS, lead sulfide, galena | |
| Lead (IV) oxide | PbO2, lead dioxide, car battery plates (+ve accumulator electrode) | |
| Lead oxide |
Pb3O4 (2PbO.PbO2)
dilead (II) lead (IV) oxide, red lead, minium (red lead oxide,
anticorrosive paint
pigment,
flux,
for craft) |
|
| Lecithin |
(health food) | |
| Lithium
carbonate |
for craft flux, for craft |
|
| Magnesium carbonate | 3MgCO3.Mg(OH)2.3H2O, light powder, magnesite (carbonate of magnesia for craft) E504 | |
| Magnesium chloride | MgCl2.6H2O, magnesium chloride crystals (hygroscopic) E511 | |
| Magnesium hydroxide | Mg(OH)2, milk of magnesia, brucite (antacid medicine) E528 | |
| Magnesium nitrate (OXD 1474) | Mg(NO3)2.6H2O, crystals | |
| Magnesium oxide | MgO, powder, magnesia, magnesite, periclase, E E530,
thermoluminescent |
|
| Magnesium sulfate | MgSO4.7H2O,
hydrated magnesium sulfate, kieserite, colourless or white crystals or
powder, gradually loses water of crystallization to dry air,
anhydrous at 250oC, bitter salt, Epsom salts (medicine,
unshrinking woollen clothing) |
|
| Manganese (IV) oxide | MnO2, manganese dioxide, manganese black, pyrolucite(in used dry cells) | |
| Manganese (II) sulfate | MnSO4.H2O, manganous sulfate | |
| Methylated spirit (FLAM +13oC, 1170) | C2H5OH, methylated ethanol (ethanol +
5% v/v
methanol, wood alcohol) denatured alcohol (+ 2% of methyl
alcohol, pyridine, other substances to be unfit for
drinking, e.g. menthol) (paint solvent) |
|
| Nickel (II) chloride-6-water |
NiCl2.6H2O, green crystals, nickel
chloride |
|
| Nickel sulfate | NiSO4.6H2O, blue salts, green crystals | |
| Nicotine | C10H14N2 pyridine alkaloid, colourless poisonous and addictive, in tobacco leaves | |
| Nicotinic acid | C5H4NCOOH, niacin, in Vitamin B complex (absence causes disease pellagra) | |
| Nitric acid (COR 2031) 70% by
weight, 15 M |
HNO3, clear colourless fuming liquid, aqua fortis,
spirits of nitre, becomes yellow brown in
light, concentrated acid very hygroscopic, concentrated HNO3,
16 M, r.d. 1.42 gm
cm-3, 16 mol
dm-3 r.d.
fuming HNO3:
1.50 gm cm-3, 24 mol dm-3, dilute HNO3,
6 M |
|
| Oleic acid | C17H33COOH, red oil, m.p.14oC | |
| Oxalic acid (HARM 2449) |
(COOH)2.2H2O, acid of sugar, colourless white odourless crystals, granules, ethanedioic acid-2-water, r.d. concentrated acid 1.62 gm cm-3, m.p. 101-102oC, sublimes above 100oC, heat decomposes (in rhubarb) | |
| Paraffin | Paraffin liquid, r.d. 0.87-0.89, m.p. 45oC - 65oC, medicinal paraffin, petrolatum (paraffins, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, CnH2n+2) (paraffin wax, higher hydrocarbon alkanes from petroleum) (kerosine also called "paraffin oil") | |
| Pentan-1-ol (FLAM +21.57oC) | CH3(CH2)3CH2OH, n-pentyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol | |
| Phosphorus (V)
oxide |
P4O10, phosphorus
pentoxide, white powder, hexagonal crystals, deliquescent,
thermoluminescent |
|
| Phosphoric acid (COR 1805) | H3PO4, colourless odourless syrupy liquid, orthophosphoric acid, phosphoric (V) acid, r.d. concentrated acid 1.71 - 1.75 gm cm-3, 15 mol dm-3, miscible with water and ethanol, "Kill-rust", E33 | |
| Potassium bromide. | KBr, potassium bromide, colourless white crystals, granules, powder, m.p. 730oC (photography, sedative) | |
| Potassium carbonate |
K2CO3, white odourless powder, granules, anhydrous potassium carbonate, "potash", pearl ash, salt of tartar, m.p. 891oC (hygroscopic, cakes in moist air) E501 | |
| Potassium chlorate (FLAM 1485) | KClO3, colourless white odourless crystals,
potassium chlorate (V) potassium perchlorate, m.p. 368oC
then decomposes, explodes in contact with sulfur compounds, H2SO4 |
|
| Potassium chloride. | KCl, sylvinesylvite, white odourless crystals, powder, slightly hygroscopic, muriate of potash fertilizer, diet salt substitute, E508 | |
| Potassium chromate (HARM 2811) | K2Cr2O3, lemon yellow
crystals, potassium chromate, m.p. 975oC, alkaline aqueous
solution |
|
| Potassium dichromate (POISON OXD 1479) | K2Cr2O7, orange red
odourless crystals, granules, powder, potassium
dichromate (VI) potassium bichromate, bichrome, m.p. 398oC |
|
| Potassium ferricyanide | K3Fe(CN)6, ruby red crystals, heat
decomposes then melts, potassium hexacyano ferrate
(III) case-hardening agent, red prussiate of potash, ferro prussiate |
|
| Potassium ferrocyanide | K4Fe(CN)6, yellow crystals, potassium
hexacyano ferrate
(II) case hardening agent, yellow prussiate of soda,
efflorescent, anyhdrous at 100oC |
|
| Potassium hydroxide (COR 1813) | KOH, "caustic potash", potassa, white pellets, KOH sticks or
rods in
water, lumps, flakes, very deliquescent, absorbs CO2 from
air, heat from dissolving in water, m.p. 380oC, E525,
potassium lye |
|
| Potassium hydrogen carbonate | KHCO3, potassium bicarbonate | |
| Potassium hydrogen tartrate (KHC4H4O7) | HOOC(CHOH)2COOK, cream of tartar (beeswing) acid potassium tartrate, potassium bitartrate, argol (used in baking powder) | |
| Potassium iodate (V) | KIO3, white crystalline powder, granules, potassium iodate, slightly deliquescent, m.p. 560oC, ingredient of iodized "table salt" | |
| Potassium iodide |
KI, colourless white crystals, granules, powder, slightly deliquescent in moist air, becomes yellow when iodine lost (photography, ingredient of iodized "table salt"): tincture of iodine medicine | |
| Potassium monoxide |
K2O, "potash", K2O in fertilizer | |
| Potassium manganate (VII) (OXD 1490) | KMnO4, dark purple bronze odourless crystals,
potassium permanganate, heat decomposes (Condy's
crystals medicine) |
|
| Potassium nitrate (OXD 1486) | KNO3, colourless odourless crystals, granules,
powder, m.p.333oC, decomposes at 400oC to lose O2,
"saltpetre", "saltpeter", nitre, niter, Bengali saltpetre, nitrate of
potash
fertilizer, E252 |
|
| Potassium nitrite (OXD 1488) | KNO2 | |
| Potassium sodium tartrate-4-water | KNaC4H4O6.4H2O,
sodium potassium tartrate, potassium sodium
tartrate, potassium sodium 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate, Rochelle salt,
Seignette
salt, Seidlitz powder |
|
| Potassium sulfate, powder | K2SO4, sulfate of potash fertilizer, E515 | |
| Potassium sulfide | K2S, liver of sulfur, sulfurated potash (depilatory) | |
| Resorcinol (HARM 2876) |
C6H4(OH)2, crystals, resorcin, 1,3 benzenediol (turns red in light) | |
| Salicyclic acid |
HOC6H4COOH, 1-hydroxybenzoic acid,
crystals, used
to make aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, an antithrombic, anti-platelet
and pain-relieving medicine |
|
| Sebacoyl chloride (COR 1760) | COCl(CH2)8COCl, decane dioyl dichloride | |
| Silica | SiO2, Silicon (IV) oxide, silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, E551, quartz sand (Silica gel desiccant is hygroscopic amorphous hydrated silica + CoCl2, self-indicating moisture test, e.g. "Tell-Tale".) | |
| Silicon carbide | SiC "Carborundum", abrasive, emery paper | |
| Silver bromide |
silver(I) bromide, Ag Br, yellow solid,
dissolves in concentrated ammonia soln. (photography emulsions) |
|
| Silver
chloride |
silver
(I) chloride, AgCl, white solid, cerargyrite, horn silver, kerargyrite,
dissolves in ammonia soln. (photography emulsions,
pottery glaze) expensive! |
|
| Silver iodide |
silver(I) iodide, AgI, not dissolve in ammonia
solution, yellow solid, crystals similar to ice so used in cloud seeding |
|
| Silver nitrate (OXD POISON 1493) |
AgNO3, large odourless transparent crystals or
small white crystals, lunar caustic sticks for cauterizing, m.p. 212oC,
becomes dark with organic matter, store
in cool dark place |
|
| Soda lime, powder (COR 1907) | Tests for CO2 (off-white - active, violet -
exhausted) For anaesthetics, the pH
indicator ethyl violet is added to tell whether the soda lime can still
absorb carbon dioxide. The critical pH is 10.3. It turns from
colourless to violet. |
|
| Sodium acetate trihydrate | CH3COONa.3H2O, sodium
ethanoate-3-water, E262 |
|
| Sodium bisulfite | Na2S2O5, crystals, sodium metabisulfite, sodium pyrosulfite, beer-making and wine-making kits for the home | |
| Sodium carbonate, decahydrate | Na2CO3.10H2O, washing soda, sodium carbonate crystals, sal soda, crystal carbonate, black ash, trona, E500 (also anhydrous sodium carbonate, soda ash anhydrous, Na2CO3, m.p.851oC, white odourless powder, hygroscopic) | |
| Sodium chlorate V (OXD 1495) | NaClO3, white solid, crystalline, bleach, weed
killer |
|
| Sodium chloride | NaCl, white crystals, granules, powder, m.p. 804oC,
common salt, table salt, sodium chloride technical grade, rock salt,
halite, sea salt, brine, salt chlorination of swimming pools, animals
lick natural salt or artificial blocks of salt from a salt lick |
|
| Sodium citrate | Na3C6H5O7.2H2O,
basic, crystalline, trisodium citrate,
trisodium-2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxy (food
buffer) E331 |
|
| Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (V) | NaH2PO4, sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate, monosodium orthophosphate, also monohydrate NaH2PO4.H2O and dihydrate NaH2PO4.2H2O, white crystals, soluble, insolublein alcohol, slightly deliquescent, anhydrous at 100oC, in baking powder, food additive, buffers, E339 (I) | |
| Sodium hexametaphosphate | NaPO3(Na2O) "Calgon", water softener (Also calcium hexametaphosphate) | |
| Sodium hydrogen carbonate |
NaHCO3, white odourless crystals, granules,
powder, alkaline salt, decomposes to lose CO2 above 50oC,
sodium
bicarbonate, baking soda, component of self-raising
flour, saleratus, bicarbonate of soda, baking soda, bicarb, bicarb
soda, soda,
carb soda (penetrates stains and dissolves grease) |
|
| Sodium hydrogen sulfate (COR 1821) | NaHSO4.H2O, sodium bisulfate,
swimming pool acid |
|
| Sodium hydrogen sulfite | NaHSO3 (antiseptic and bleach) | |
| Sodium hydrogen tartrate | HOOC(CHOH)2COON.H2O, crystals, sodium bitartrate | |
| Sodium hydroxide (COR 1823) | NaOH, white rods, flakes, lumps, granules, very hygroscopic and absorbs CO2 from air, m.p. about 318oC, caustic soda, soda, soda lye, white caustic, caustic drain cleaner 5% caustic soda, E524, dilute solution 6 M, 1.22 gm cm-3 | |
| Sodium hypochlorite (COR) | NaOCl (4% Cl2) solution (store below 25oC) (household bleach, domestic bleach, 5% NaOCl, bleaching fluid) chlorine water, chloride of soda, chlorine bleach, water treatment of swimming pools | |
| Sodium nitrate (OXD 1498) | NaNO3, colourless odourless transparent crystals,
white granules, m.p. 308oC, deliquescent in moist air,
sodium
nitrate (V) nitrate of soda, soda
nitre, Chili saltpeter, Chile saltpetre from caliche deposits, Chile
nitre (agricultural
fertilizer)
E251 |
|
| Sodium nitrite (OXD HARM 1500) | NaNO2, white or slightly yellow granules, rods, powder, crystals, m.p. 271oC, hygroscopic granules, sodium nitrate (III) (inhibits corrosion) E250 | |
| Sodium silicate |
(Na2O 8.6%, SiO2 28%) solution, waterglass, water glass, soluble glass, egg preservative, fireproofing | |
| Sodium sulfate crystals |
Na2SO4.10H2O, mirabilite
mineral,
hydrated, crystals, Glauber's salt, Glaubers salts, cake, mirabilite,
purgative medicine, E514
(Also: anhydrous Na2SO4, white hygroscopic
powder,
m.p. 888oC) |
|
| Sodium sulfite crystals |
Na2SO3.7H2O, hydrated, sodium sulfate (IV)-7-water, E221 (Also anhydrous Na2SO3, white crystals or powder, alkaline in water) | |
| Sodium tartrate | Na2C4H4O6.2H2O, crystals, sodium (+)tartrate, E335 | |
| Sodium tetraborate (borax) |
Na2B4O7.10H2O,
colourless, white, odourless crystals, granules, powder, m.p. 75oC,
efflorescent in dry air, melts at 75oC, anhydrous at 320oC,
borax, sodium borate, sodium tetraborate decahydrate, di-sodium
tetraborate, E285, mildly toxic so avoid ingesting and skin contact
(fungicide, insecticide, detergent booster) |
|
| Sodium thiosulfate-5-water |
Na2S2O3.5H2O,
antichlor, colourless odourless crystals, white granules, m.p. 48oC,
efflorescent in dry air, deliquescent in moist air, sodium hyposulfite
(deliquescent) hypo (photography) |
|
| Stearic acid |
CH3(CH2)16COOH, powder, octadecanoic acid, m.p. 68 - 69.5oC (in fats) | |
| Sucrose |
C12H22O11, D-Sucrose, common sugar, cane sugar, table sugar | |
| Sulfur |
S, brimstone, flowers of sulfur |
|
| Sulfuric acid (COR 1830) 98% by
weight, 36 M |
H2SO4, clear colourless oily liquid,
very hygroscopic, oleum, fuming sulfuric acid, oil of
vitriol. concentrated H2SO4, 18 M acid, r.d. 1.84
gm cm-3,
18 mol dm-3, r.d. fuming H2SO4: 1.92
gm cm-3 (for
accumulators) battery acid r.d. 1.25 gm cm-3, E513, dilute H2SO4,
3 M |
|
| Sulfurous acid |
H2SO3, 6% SO2 solution in
water, clear colourless solution, penetrating SO2 odour,
oxidizes in air to H |
|
| (+) Tartaric acid | (CHOHCOOH)2, colourless odourless transparent crystals, or white granules, powder, m.p. 168 - 170oC (CHOH)2(COOH)2, C4H6O6, racemic acid (+)2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid, E334 | |
| Tin (II) chloride crystals |
SnCl2.2H2O, colourless crystals, absorbs O2 from air, stannous chloride, butter of tin, m.p. 37- 38oC (Also anhydrous SnCl2) | |
| Tin (IV) oxide | SnO2, tin dioxide, from cassiterite, tinstone, tin oxide, tin ashes, stannic oxide for craft | |
| Titanium (IV) oxide | TiO2, titanium dioxide, colour white,
opacifer, "white out" correction fluid, white
pigments for tennis
shoes, white paint, from mineral rutile,
ilmenite FeTiO3, food additive, E171 |
|
| 1,1,1-trichloroethane | CH3CCl3 (E512) methyl chloroform (grease solvent, safer alternative to tetrachloromethane, carbon tetrachloride) | |
| Trisodium
phosphate V |
Na3PO4, sodium
orthophosphate, "sodium
phosphate", trisodium phosphate, "TSP" colourless or white
odourless crystals, sodium
phosphate tribasic, decahydrate Na3PO4.10H2O,
dodecahydrate Na3PO4.12H2O. m.p. about
73oC, acidity regulator, food
buffer, thickener E339 |
|
| Urea | CO(NH2)2, carbamide, urea fertilizer, E927b | |
| Zinc carbonate | ZnCO3.2ZnO.3H2O, smithsonite, calamine.
Calamine lotion is used as an emollient preparation for itches and
rashes. |
|
| Zinc chloride (COR 2331) | ZnCl2, 32% in HCl soldering flux, "killed
spirits", butter of zinz |
|
| Zinc oxide | ZnO, white or yellow white amorphous powder, m.p. above 1,800oC,
white pigment, zincite, white zinc, zinc white, Chinese white,
spartalite, craft,
zinc cream
medicine |
|
| Zinc sulfate |
ZnSO4.7H2O, colourless, odourless,
white
crystals, powder, m.p. about 50oC, efflorescent in dry air,
anhydrous at 200oC, decomposes above 500oC, white
vitriol, zinc vitriol, white copperas, gosla rite |
|
| Zinc sulfide |
ZnS, yelow-white solid, soluble, si\ublimes,
sphalerite or zinc blende, phosphor, pigment |
|
| Zirconium (IV) oxide | ZnO2, zirconia, baddeleyite, for craft, fuel cell electrolyte |
| Adhesive, rubber soln. | cow gum, contact or shoe glue |
| Adhesive, woodworking | wood glue, e.g. "Aquadhere" |
| Adhesive, paper glue | "Bostik" |
| Adhesive, cyanoacrylate | "Super Glue" BE CAREFUL! Do not squirt in the eye! |
| Agar, powder |
agar nutrient, agar agar, isinglass, Macassar gum, gelatinous substance, E406 Agar (from red algae) (vegetable gum) (thickener, emulsifier) |
| Albumen, albumin | egg white (Also serum albumins in blood and alpha-lactalbumin milk, one of the globular proteins) |
| Alkaloid | basic organic nitrogen compounds in plants with powerful action on animals, e.g. nicotine, morphine, quinine, strychnine |
| Alkyd
resin |
adhesive and coating resins made from glycerol and unsaturated organic acids as rigid cross-linked polymers |
| Almond oil |
from almond nuts (cleaning bone and ivory) |
| Anti-bumping granules | boiling chips fused alumina (flower pot bits) |
| Arachidic acid | C19H39COOH, found in peanuts (groundnuts) |
| Ascorbic acid | L-ascorbic acid tablets, vitamin C, food |
| Asphalt | bitumen, tar, pitch, black plastic solid final residues
left
after
volatile substances removed by fractional distillation |
| Atropine | Hallucinogenic drugs, mescaline, psilocybin, scopolamine "truth drug" (hyoscine) LSD, tryptamine, cocaine, THC cannabis, widen pupils for eye examination, atropine sulfate in anticholinergic medicines |
| Barbiturates | pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H, 3H, 5H)-trione, barbituric acid |
| Barium oxide | baryta, heavy spar, flux for craft |
| Barium chromate | for craft |
| Beeswax | white and yellow, food additive E901, glazing agent, release
agent, for craft, modelling, ointments, polishes, from bee honeycomb
mixture includes the palmitic acid ester C15H31COOC30H61 |
| Benzoic acid | preservative, benzene carboxylic acid C6H5COOH. (Used in creams for treating hemorrhoids) |
| Brass | filings, brass filings (brass is mainly alloys of Cu and Zn,
but Al, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sn and Pb may be added) |
| Bronze | "copper" coin (bronze is mainly alloys of Cu and Sn but
some may not contain Sn, e.g aluminium bronze, manganese bronze) |
| t - Butyl alcohol | 2-methylpropan-2-ol, 2-methyl-2-propanol (CH3)3COH, tertiary butyl alcohol |
| Cadmium selenide | cadmium red, overglaze for craft, "pigment red 108" |
| Cadmium sulfide | yellow overglaze for craft, cadmium yellow, pigment yellow 35, 36 |
| Camphor |
C10H16O (synthetic, aromatic) highly flammable, natural camphor from camphor laurel tree Cinnamomum camphora (medicine, repels clothes moths and cats, used to make gunpowder and celluloid) DL-Camphor FLAM for moth balls, lotions, Celluloid is cellulose nitrate plasticized with camphor, use camphor instead of moth balls to protect clothes from moths |
| Candelilla wax | food additive E902, glazing agent, emollient |
| Carbamate | ester of carbamic acid, Amides, acid amides (-amide) (amide group) |
| Carbide | (C4-) (carbon + metal) e.g. aluminium carbide (Al4C3) |
| Casein | milk casein, phosphoprotein thermoplastic polymer, for insulators, buttons, handles, adhesives, artist's priming paint |
| Cellophane | modified cellulose (trade name, outer cigarette packet) (name
from Cellulose + diaphane [French: transparent] |
| Celluloid | (flammable thermoplastic) nitrocellulose + camphor, ping pong ball, spectacle frame |
| Cellulose | cotton wool (C6H10O5)n |
| Cement | Ca + Al silicates, Portland cement (so called because same
colour as stone on Isle of Portland, U.K.) |
| Chloramphenicol | broad acting powerful antibiotic, natural and synthetic, may have severe side effects |
| Clathrate | Inclusion compound where the guest molecule is in a lattice cage formed by the host molecule, e.g. Dianin's compound, 4-p-hydroxyphenyl-2,2,4-trimethylchroman |
| Clay | (al silicate, China clay, pipe clay) kaolin, kaolinite,
Plasticine (modelling clay, plastilina) |
| Clinistix strip | test for glucose, test for (+) glucose in urine, indicator substance O-toluidine |
| Clove oil, eugenol |
oil
of cloves, eugenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)pkenol, an allyl benzene
from dried flower buds (inhibits
mould, relieves toothache, insecticide, cooking ingredient, spice,
Indonesian clove and tobacco cigarettes, fish killer, herbicide) toxic
at low concentrations (eugenol also in nutmeg, cinnamon, bay leaf) |
| Cobalt carbonate | blue glaze for craft |
| Cobalt (II) oxide | CoO, pink solid, blue glaze for craft |
| Coconut oil | copra oil |
| Collagen | sausage casings, food |
| Copolymer | polymer from linking different monomer types, e.g. cocaine, curare, caffeine, piperine |
| Cornflour |
powdery starch made from maize and used as a cooking thickener, in USA called cornstarch, in Australia it may be wheaten starch |
| Coumarin |
(1,2-benzopyrone) benzofuranoids, benzopyranoids (C9H6O2) |
| Creosote |
wood creosote: (disinfectant, cough medicine,
diarrhoea medicine, preservative, antiseptic) coal tar creosote: (wood preservative, fungicide, skin diseases, insecticide) may cause skin cancer |
| Cryolite | Sodium aluminium fluoride, Na3AlF6, for craft |
| Cyanuric acid | (CNOH)3, for swimming pools, purifying tablets |
| Detergent | washing up detergent, "Teepol", "Trix" |
| Disinfectant | phenolic disinfectant |
| DMSO | dimethyyl sulfoxide (CH3)2SO, from wood pulp, oyster-garlic taste (irriant, penetrates skin, horse linament, anti-inflammatory, paint stripper) |
| Dolomite | Calcium magnesium carbonate, for craft |
| Emulsion | (hair wave lotion, water glass, mayonnaise) |
| Eucalyptus oil |
eucalyptol,
C10H18O, 1,8-cineal, cyclic ether, monoterpene
(paint stripper,
adhesive solvent, flavouring, fragrance, mouth wash,
anti-inflammatory, releases
vapours for medical use) |
| Evening
primrose oil |
from Oenothera
sp. (dry skin emollient) |
| Fats, animal fat |
(lard, tallow, suet) dripping, lard, soap |
| Feldspars | Aluminium silicate, for craft |
| Fire extinguisher | dry powder, fire blanket fibreglass, 900 mm, |
| Flour | (flour + NaHCO3 + phosphates) self-raising flour |
| Fuller's earth |
high calcium clay earth, mainly montmorillonite,
absorb grease from raw wool (wool
relaxant, shrink and unshrink woollen clothing, decolorise, filter,
purify oils and greases) fulling is to clean and thicken cloth by
removing impurities |
| Gas, propane gas | C3H8, bottled gas, liquefied petroleum gas LPG, bottled gas, 119.3 MJm-3 |
| Gas, town gas | domestic gas, coal gas + water gas, 20 MJm-3 |
| Gas, butane gas | C4H10, 93.2 MJm-3 liquefied gas, bottled gas, Calor gas |
| Gas, methane gas | CH4, 38.0 mJm-3, natural gas, marsh gas, "fire damp" in coal mines |
| Gelatin, gelatine | from collagen protein by boiling animal tissues, used as a glue, jelly crystals, e.g. puragel, photographic emulsions, adhesives |
| Goanna oil | from goanna fat, Varanus sp, protected in Australia (lubricant, linament, arthritis, muscle soreness) |
| Glycoside | natural compound linked to glucose, which are easily broken off |
| Gum arabic | health food, for craft |
| Gutta-percha | latex from Palaquium sp., Sapotaceae family, same chemical as natural rubber, polyisoprene, but with trans not cis bonding |
| Hair, keratin | Keratin is fibrous proteins occurring in hair, wool, feathers, hooves and horns, imbedded in a matrix that makes them strong and elastic. The proteins contain sulfur and are held together by disulfide bonds. |
| India ink |
Indian ink, Chinese ink, mixture of lampblack, carbon black, and bone black |
| Ink, ball pen refill | "Biro" or "Bic" refill, Indian ink |
| Iron chromite | chromite for craft |
| Isocyanuric acid | chlorine stabilizer for swimming pools, administered as sodium dichloroisocyanurate granules or trichloroisocyanuric acid tablets |
| Lavender oil |
lavendar flower oil, mainly linalyl acetate,
from Lavandula latifolia (insect repellent, dog inhibitor, air
freshener, pain relief) |
| Lead antimonate | Naples yellow for craft, antimonate of lead |
| Lemon oil |
oil from lemon peel, D-limonene, a terpene
(furniture polish, inhibits
spiders and insects, stain remover) |
| Linseed oil | from seeds of flax Linum usitatissimum, glycerides of oleic acid and other unsaturated acids. Used to condition and seal bare wood in putty, paints, varnishes, for cricket bats, linoleum, outdoor furniture. |
| Manganese carbonate | for craft |
| Metaldehyde |
(FLAM -27oC, HARM 1332) (CH3CHO)4, C4O4H4(CH3)4, acetaldehyde ("meta" fuel, firelighter, canned heat, snail bait, Esbit, Blitzem) (ethanal tetramer formed by polymerization of ethanal, acetaldehyde) |
| Methyl salicylate | oil of wintergreen, medicine |
| Milk |
cow's milk (rotten milk for removing ink stains) |
| Monosodium glutamate | Sodium hydrogen glutamate, taste enhancer for food, Chinese restaurant food taste enhancer |
| Naphthalene | C10H8 (FLAM 1334) flakes, " mothballs", m.p. 80.5oC, toxic to humans in large doses. |
| Neat's foot
oil |
Oil from boiled cattle hooves
used as a leather conditioner for saddles, boots, baseball gloves
("neat " is old word for cattle) |
| Nickel (II) oxide | green glaze, nickel oxide, for craft |
| Nickel (III) oxide | black glaze for craft |
| NPK fertilizer | complete fertilizer |
| Octadecanoic acid | stearic acid |
| Oil, vegetable | castor, linseed, olive vegetable oil, salad oil |
| Oil, mineral | lubricating light oil, diesel oil |
| Oil, crude oil | petroleum distillate oil |
| Oil, light | sewing machine oil, WD-40 penetrating oil to prevent corrosion |
| Oil, paraffin, kerosine | (UK) fp 60oC (USA kerosene) (kerosine, kerosene, "kero", also called paraffin oil, is a petroleum fraction containing a mixture of hydrocarbons with 11 or 12 carbon atoms, b.p. 160oC to 250oC) |
| PABA | par-amino benzoic acid, cosmetics |
| Pennyroyal oil |
oil of pennyroyal (deters moths and fleas) |
| Perspex |
Also: "Lucite" (trade names) polymethyl methacrylate, perspex chips (perspex stirring rod) |
| Petroleum jelly | white, "Vaseline", white petrolatum,
saturated semi-solid of crystalline and liquid hydrocarbons,
carbon numbers < C25, made by dewaxing paraffinic residual oil,
liquid paraffin is a liquid form of petroleum jelly, mixture of
alkanes > 12 C atoms / molecule, colourless, tasteless, mild
laxative |
| Plastic | "Bakelite" (electric plugs, saucepan handles) nylon (synthetic fabric, "Dacron", "Terylene") polypropylene (plastic bucket) |
| Plastic | PVC (pipes, drink bottles, records) polythene (plastic insulators, plastic bags, bin liners) |
| Plastic | polymethyl methacrylate (perspex rod) polystyrene, polyphenylethene ("Styrofoam", ball pens) |
| Polyester resin | polymer based on a condensation reaction to form an ester link, e.g. terylene, PET, fibre glass resin for craft |
| Potassium aluminium silicate | AlSi3O8, feldspars |
| Putty | glazier's putty, paste of calcium carbonate (whiting) and linseed oil |
| Quillaia | extract, from soap bark tree Quillaia saponaria, food additive E999, flavour enhancer, foaming agent for beer |
| Quinhydrone electrode | Pt electrode in 1,4-quinone and 1-4-dihydroxybenzene hydroquinone solution |
| Quinine | C20H25N2O2, alkaloid from Cinchona sp., medicine to kill malaria parasite, in tonic water |
| Quinol | hydroquinone, benzene-1, 4-diol |
| Quinoline | C9H7N (benzene ring + pyridine ring) used in dyes, medicines |
| Rennin | rennet powder rennet tablets (junket tablets) Junket is
curdled cream. |
| Rhodamine dyes | from condensation of phthalic anhydride with m-dialkylaminophenols. |
| Resin, ion exchange | anion exchange resin, zeolite ("Permutit") |
| Rotenoids | natural substances, have a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno [3,4-b] chromene nucleus, e.g. rotenone insecticide from Derris sp. |
| Safety face shield | (chemical, anti splash face shield) |
| Safety glasses | (polycarbonate lens) |
| Safety gloves rubber | (small/medium/large rubber gloves) (rubber, caoutchouc) |
| Safety, eye-wash bottle | eye-wash cup |
| Safety, first-aid kit | portable first-aid kit |
| Safety apron, PVC | (resist strong acids) |
| Serotonin | 5-hydroxytryptamine, affects nerves in the brain, moods, dopamine and LSD affect the level of serotonin |
| Shellac |
from resinous excretions of Coccus lacca or Tachardia lacca scale insects (varnish, polish, sealing wax, French polish is solution in methylated spirit) E904 |
| Silicones |
Silicones: polymeric unbranched siloxanes, formula (-OSiR2-)n
(R not equal to H) Silicone grease, high vacuum grease, "Volasil" is octamethylcyclotetrasilocane, the silicone polymer in "Silly Putty" is polyborosiloxane. |
| Sodium perborate | (strong oxidizing agent) for non-chlorine bleach detergents, tetrahydrate salt crystals (algicide in swimming pools) |
| Sodium aluminium fluoride | Na3AlF6, cryolite for craft, Greenland
spar |
| Sodium tauroglycocholate | bile salts, sodium taurocholate (Taurocholic acid C26,H45NO7S) |
| Sodium benzoate | C6H5COONa, sodium
benzenecarboxylate, food preservative against yeasts and
bacteria but may cause cirrhosis, damage DNA and and increase ageing,
effective pH 2.5 to 4.2, dyes, antiseptic |
| Solder, soft | Pb and Sn alloys, resin-cored solder wire form |
| Soldering flux | soldering resin |
| Starch | soluble laundry starch, farina (test for iodine) |
| Sulfides | RSR (R not equal to H) thioethers, e.g. diallyl sulfide (garlic smell) |
| Sulfonic acids | HS(=O)2OH / sulfonate, organic compound with functional group -SO3H / -SO3- |
| Sulfonium compounds | R3S+, e.g. trimethylsulfonium chloride [(CH3)3S]+Cl- |
| Talcum powder | hydrated magnesium silicate (French chalk) serpentine
(meerschaum pipes and soap) (fine abrasive, absorbent, lubricant) |
| Tea tree oil |
oil of Melaleuca, terpinen-4-ol, from Melaleuca
alternifolia, a paperbark tree (antibacterial, cosmetic,
antifungal, sunburn) |
| Thiocyanates | [RC(=O)SN] salts and esters of thiocyanic acid HSCN, e.g. methyl thiocyanate CH3SC =- N |
| Thyroxine | hormone containing iodine, from thyroid gland, controls metabolic rate |
| Tung oil | From the nut of the tung oil tree,
Aleurites fordii. Used to penrtrate woodand seal against moisture
in paints and varnishes. It dries hard. |
| Turpentine, rectified HARM |
(FP 35oC) from pine resin, contains pinene, C10H16,
and other terpenes mineral turps or turpentine substitute from
petroleum (solvent for oil-based paints) |
| Urethane | isocyanate group, -NCO, react with -OH group to form a urethane, similar to amide bond in nylon |
| Vanilla oil |
vanilla essence (food fragrance and flavour,
edeoeriser, creaming soda, creamy soda) |
| Water | tap water, deionized or demineralized water, distilled water, hard water, soft water |
| White spirit |
dry cleaning fluid, "Murlex", mixture of
aliphatic and alicyclic C7 to C12 hydrocarbons (cleaning solvent,
paints, remove oil stains) |
| Wood | shavings, sawdust (splint test for gases) |
| Xanthene dyes | from condensation of phthalic anhydride with resorcinol, have xanthene nucleus, e.g. fluorescein |
| Yeast | dried yeast (active granules) baker's yeast, living yeast |