School Science Lessons
List of not flowering plants, fungi, lichens, bacteria, viruses
2009-08-16
Flowering
plants, monocotyledons: A. | B.
| C. | D. |
E.
| F. | G. | H.
| I | J.
| K.
| L | M. | N.
| O. | P. | Q.
| R. | S. | T.
| U. | V. | W.
| X. | Y. | Z.
|
Flowering plants,
dicotyledons: A. | B.
| C. | D. |
E.
| F. | G.
| H.
| I. | J.
| K.
| L. | M.
| N.
| O. | P.
| Q.
| R.
| S.
| T.
| U.
| V.
| W.
| X.
| Y.
| Z.
|
Flowering
plants in School Science Lessons, common names first
A to Z
Family names, dicotyledons A
to Z
Family names, monocotyledons A to Z
Not flowering plants A to Z
Plant classification based on Cronquist, A. 1981 Kingdom: Plantae
Reference
Table of contents
Not flowering plants
1. Algae
2. Phylum Cryptophyta
3. Clubmoss, Phylum Lycopodiophyta, Lycophyta
(Lycopodiales) Family Lycopodiaceae
4. Ferns, true ferns, Phylum Pteridophyta
(Pterophyta, Filicales)
5. Whisk ferns, Phylum Psilophyta (Psilotales)
6. Conifers, Phylum Pinophyta, gymnosperms,
Coniferophyta, Pinopsida, cone-bearing trees
7. Cycads, Phylum Cycadophyta, gymnosperms
8. Ginkgo, Phylum Ginkgophyta (Ginkgoales) Ginkgo
biloba, gymnosperms
9. Phylum Glaucophyta, unicellular,
freshwater flagellates
10. Phylum Gnetophyta, gymnosperms, Gnetopsida
11. Hornworts, Phylum Anthocerotophyta
12. Horsetails, Phylum Equisetophyta
13. Liverworts, Phylum Hepatophyta
14. Mosses, Phylum Bryophyta
3.44
Bacteria
1.2 Bacteria,
Phylogenetic
classification
3.43. Fungi
9.207 Lichens
9.213 Viruses
9.205 Levels of organization
1.0 Kingdom Protista (Protoctista)
heterotrophic protists
9.0.2 Chromista
9.0.3 Heterokontophyta
Algae
1. Blue-green algae, Phylum Cyanidophyta
2. Brown algae, kelp, Phylum Phaeophyta,
Phylum Heterokontophyta
3. Green algae, Phylum Chlorophyta
4. Red algae, Phylum Rhodophyta
5. Phylum Euglenophyta, Euglena
6. Dinoflagellates, Phylum Pyrrophyta
7. Golden-brown algae, Phylum Chrysophyta
8. Diatoms, Phylum Bacillariophyta,
Phylum Heterokontophyta
9. Phylum Prasinophyta
10.Yellow-Green Algae, Phylum Xanthophyta
11. Phylum Raphidophyta
12. Phylum Haptophyta
13. Phylum Eustigmatophyta
1.
Blue-green algae / Cyanobacteria, Phylum
Cyanidophyta, Blue-green, grey-green, violet, brown, purplish or red,
phycocyanin, phycoerythrin
Anabaena azollae, Azolla
Gloeocapsa
Gloeotrichia
Merismopedia
Nostoc [within cavities of the liverwort Anthoceros]
Oscillatoria
Rivularia [Also, similar to Cyanobacteria are marine and
freshwater prochlorophyta genera: Prochloron,
Prochlorococcus, Prochlorothrix]
Spirulina maxima [edible nutrititous algae]
Spirulina platensis [edible nutrititous algae]
2. Brown algae,
kelp, Phylum Phaeophyta, Phylum Heterokontophyta, Phylum Fucophyta
contain
carotenoids pigments, e.g. fucoxanthin, alginic acid, fucinic acid,
laminarin, mannitol, chlorophyll C, no starch, carragenans and algilates
Chondrus crispus [Irish "moss", carrageenan, carragheen]
Cutleria multifida [has 48 chromosomes]
Dictyota, brown algae
Ecklonia, leather kelp
Ectocarpus
Fucus vesiculosus, kelp, bladderwrack, herbal remedy, Fucaceae
Hormosira, Neptune's necklace, kelp
Laminaria, kelp, olive-brown kelp, Japanese kombu, kunbu,
alginates, algin
Laminaria japonica, formerly the source of MSG, monosodium
glutamate
Macrocystis, kelp, bull kelp, giant kelp, alginates, algin
Nereocystis, giant kelp
Padina
Physarum, slime mould
Phytophthora infestans, blight fungus, potato blight, dieback,
root rot, cocoa black pod
Plasmopara viticola, downy mildew of grapes
Pythium, root rot, damping-off fungus
Sargassum muticum, gulfweed, yendo [drifts in the "Sargasso
sea", marine weed that fouls fishing nets]
[may be classified in the Oomycetes]
3. Green algae,
Phylum Chlorophyta, green algae, include stoneworts green chloroplasts
Acetabularia
Asparagopsis taxiformis [produce great quantities of
organohalides and produce the "smell" of the sea]
Chlamydomonas braunii [has motile gametes]
Chlorella
Cladophora
Closterium desmid [desmid, Family Desmidiaceae, presence indicates
unpolluted water]
Eudorina
Gonium
Haematococcus (Sphaerella, )
Oedogonium
Pandorina
Pleodorina [aquatic, algal blooms]
Pleurococcus (Protococcus)
[causes red snow]
Scenedesmus
Spirogyra
Trebouxia
Ulothrix
Ulva, sea lettuce
Vaucheria
Volvox [coenobium of ciliated cells form hollow
sphere with rolling motion]
Zygnema,
Chara, musk grass, stoneworts [submerged aquatic
plants]
Nitella
4. Red
algae, Phylum Rhodophyta, red cells, phycocyanin
and phycoerythrin in chloroplasts
Chondrus, Irish "moss",
carrageenan
Corallina
Gelidium, kelp, agar
Gigartina atropurpurea, giant marine kelp
Gracilaria,kelp, agar
Lithothamnium, Rhodolith, corraline red algae
Nemalion
Palmaria
Polysiphonia
Porphyra, Porphyia,, "nori" Japanese food
5. Phylum Euglenophyta,
euglenoids, green,
one or 2 flagella
Euglena
6.
Phylum
Pyrrophyta, dinoflagellates [Also:
Eukaryota, Phylum Dinoflagellata] brown
cells, biflagellate
Gymnodinium (naked dinoflagellate)
Noctiluca scintillans
7.
Phylum
Chrysophyta, golden / golden brown
algae, mostly
uniflagellate, leucosin
Ochromonas
8.
Phylum Bacillariophyta, diatoms,
plankton, diatomaceous earth, Heterokontophyta, silica shells,
photosynthesis
Odontella,, marine diatom
Melosira [radial symmetry]
Navicula [boat-shaped]
Pinnularia [bilateral symmetry]
Didymosphenia geminata, didymo, rock snot
9. Phylum
Prasinophyta, green chloroplasts,
unicellular flagellates, starch
or mannitol
10. Phylum
Xanthophyta, Yellow-Green Algae,
diatoxanthin pigment
Ophiocytium,Tribonema, Vaucharia
11. Phylum
Raphidophyta, yellow-green cells,
diatoxanthin pigment, two
flagella
12. Phylum
Haptophyta, Prymnesiophyta, golden
or yellow-brown cells,
fucoxanthin pigment, unicellular flagellates, chrysolaminarin
13.
Phylum Eustigmatophyta, yellow-green
cells, violaxanthin pigment
Phylum
Cryptophyta, cryptomonads, brown,
blue, blue-green, red, red-brown
cells
Cryptomonas,
Clubmoss,
Phylum Lycopodiophyta, Lycophyta (Lycopodiales) Family Lycopodiaceae
Huperezia serrata, toothed clubmoss, huperzia [huperzine
alkaloid] Lycopodiaceae
Isoetes, usually submerged plants in freshwater lakes, Isoetaceae
Isoetes drummondii, live
crowded together in dry places, Isoetaceae
Lycopodiella, Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium, club moss,ground pine ("lycopodium" means "wolf's
foot") Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium clavatum,stag's-horn club moss, stag-horn moss,
ground pine, Australian mountains, Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium densum,mountain moss, Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium phlegmaria, large epiphytic plants, Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium volubile, long scrambling plant, Lycopodiaceae
Phylloglossum, Lycopodiaceae
Selaginella, spike moss, little club moss, peacock moss, queen
of
the night, Selaginellaceae
Selaginella kraussiana,[prostrate plant with rhizophore
shoots,
root-like organs formed at forks in the
axis] Selaginellaceae
Selaginella uliginosa,erect radial plant, Selaginellaceae
Horsetails,
Phylum Equisetophyta (Equisetaceae, Equisitales, Equisetopsida,
Sphenophyta,
scouring rushes)
Equisetum arvense, horsetail,zinnkraut, pewter plant, herbal
medicine, garden herb (fossil: Calamites,) herbal
remedy,Equisetaceae
Ferns, true ferns, Phylum
Pteridophyta (Pterophyta, Filicales)
Acrostichum aureum, Leather fern, Pteridaceae
Adiantum capillus-veneris, Venus's hair fern, maidenhair ferns,
American maidenhair, true maidenhair,
herbal medicine, popular
garden fern American tropic region [has siphonostele, tubular
stele with xylem and phloem as a hollow tube around the pith] [frond
repels water] (tannin, traditional medicine) Polypodiaceae (Adiantaceae)
Adiantum raddianum Delta maidenhair, Polypodiaceae (Adiantaceae)
Adiantum trapeziforme Giant maidenhair, Polypodiaceae
(Adiantaceae)
Alsophila, tree-fern, thick
erect stem [has dictyostele, siphonostele as a network]
Angiopteris evecta, Elephant fern, Marattiaceae
Aspidium, male fern, rusty back fern Polypodiaceae
Asplenium, sp. (Phyllitis
sp.) hen and
chicken, necklace fern, bird's nest
ferns,
spleenworts, hart's tongue, Polypodiaceae (Aspleniaceae) herbal
medicine
Asplenium flabellifolium,"walking fern" [buds develop at
ends of pinnate fronds] Polypodiaceae (Aspleniaceae)
Asplenium nidus, Bird's nest fern [narrow sori form lateral
veins of
sporophyll] Polypodiaceae (Aspleniaceae)
Asplenium rhizophyllum (Camptosorus
rhizophyllus,) walking fern, Polypodiaceae (Aspleniaceae)
Asplenium scolopendrium, hart's tongue fern, Polypodiaceae
(Aspleniaceae)
Athyrium filix-femina, lady fern
Athyrium nipponicum, Japanese painted fern, pictum
Azolla, water fern,duckweed
fern, floating fern, mosquito fern, N-fixing cyanobacteria
Anabaena azollae,within leaf cavities, Azollaceae
Blechnum,Brazil tree fern, rib fern, crown fern
Blechnum cartilagineum,[distinct vegetative sporophylls and
spore-bearing sporophylls]
Blechnum capense, palm leaf fern
Blechnum occidentale,hammock fern
Bowenia, byfield fern, Boweniaceae
Calamites [fossil fern]
Ceratopteris thalictroides, Paku roman, Parkeriaceae
Cheilanthes lanosa, hairy lip fern, lip fern (woolly rock fern}
Cryptogamma crispa, parsley fern
Cyathea latebrosa, Tree ferns, thick erect stems, Cyatheaceae
Cystopteris, bladder ferns, mountain bladder fern, arctic
bladder
fern, berry bladder fern
Davallia denticulata, Rabbit's-foot fern, hare's foot fern,
squirrel's foot
fern, deer's foot fern
Dennstaedtia punctiloba, hay-scented buckler fern
Dicksonia fibrosa, golden tree fern, soft tree ferns, wheki
(woolly tree fern) [thick erect stems, has dictyostele,
siphonostele as a network]
Doodia aspera, prickly rasp
fern, mat-forming, garden plant, Blechnaceae
Dryopteris filix-mas (D. marginalis) male fern, male
shield ferns,buckler fern,
crested buckler fern,
broad buckler fern, wood fern, giant wood fern, autumn fern,
Polypodiaceae
Gleichenia, coral fern, parasol fern
Gleichenia flabellata [has mesarch protostele where some
metaxylem forms centrifugally adjacent to
the phloem but most forms centriptetally towards the centre of the
stem] Gleicheniaceae
Gleichenia linearis, bracken
tree fern, Gleicheniaceae
Gymnocarpium dryopteris, oak fern
Hymenophyllum, filmy ferns Tunbridgefilmy fern, Wilson's filmy
fern
Lycopodium phlegmaria, Lycopodiaceae
Lycopddium squarrosum, Rock tassel fern, Lycopodiaceae
Lygodium microphyllum (L. scandens) Ribu-ribu, Selada,
Schizaeaceae
Marsilea, water clover fern, nardoo, nardoo "seed", food of
Australian aboriginals
Matteuccia struthiopteris, ostrich feather fern
Nephrodium [buds develop near leaf bases]
Nephrolepis, sword ferns, erect sword fern, fishbone fern,
Boston
fern
Nephrolepis biserrata, Broad sword fern, Polypodiaceae
Nephrolepis corfdifolia, Duff's sword fern, Polypodiaceae
Nephrolepis exaltata, Polypodiaceae
Onoclea sensibilis, sensitive fern
Osmunda regalis, royal fern, cinnamon fern, interrupted
fern,herbal
medicine
Pellaea, brake fern, sickle fern, button fern [has
siphonostele, tubular stele with xylem and phloem as a hollow tube
around the pith]
Platycerium bifurcatum, stag's horn, elkhorn, elk's horn,
Polypodiaceae
Platycerium coronarium, Staghorn fern, Polypodiaceae
Platycerium
grande, stag-horn fern, stakhorn fern, elkhorn fern, epiphyte
[fertile fronds like a stag's antlers] Polypodiaceae
Platycerium superbum, supurb-fronded elkhorn, Polypodiaceae
Platycerium wandae, Polypodiaceae
Polypodium vulgare, hare's foot fern, common
polypody,
climbing
fern,
angle-vein fern, leather leaf fern, American rock fern, herbal
medicine [clime on tree trunks by using adherent scales, branched
rhizome] Polypodiaceae
Polypodium polycarpon, Polypodiaceae
Polypodium punctatum (Grandiceps) Fish-tail fern,
Polypodiaceae
Polypodium pustulatum,
climbimg fern [has dictyostele, siphonostele as a network]
Polypodiaceae
Polypodium scandens,
climbimg fern, Polypodiaceae
Polystichum, shield fern,
soft shield fern, sword fern, American sword fern, Christmas fern,
Australian shield fern, holly fern [many
rows of sori on pinnules]
Polystichum aculeatum, hard shield fern [buds
formed near end of frond may root when touching the soil] [the true
indusium is stalked structure lower epodermis]
Pteridium aquilinum,
bracken fern, induces abortion [crozier-like coiling of of young
leaves] [the false indusium is the leaf margin curveds towards the
lower surface of the sporophyll] [creeping branching rhizome] [has
dictyostele and series of meristeles in central parenchyma]
Pteridium aquilinum, starchy
rhizomes are edible, New Zealand
Pteris, brake fern,
slender brake fern, jungle brake fern, table fern, induces abortion,
Pteridaceae
Pteris tripartita, Giant bracken fern, Pteridaceae
Pyrrosia piloselloides Sakat ribu-ribu, Polypodiaceae
Salvinia molesta, Water spangle, water
fern, floating fern, giant water
fern [floating annual fern, no true roots, serious
water weed] Salviniaceae
Selaginella mayeri, Selaginellaceae
Selaginella plana, Selaginellaceae
Selaginella willdenowii, Selaginellaceae
Tectaria fissa, Dryopteraceae
Woodwardsia, chain fern
Whisk
ferns, Phylum
Psilophyta (Psilotales) Psilotaceae
Psilotum,and Tmesipteris,are "living fossils".
Tmesipteris,
has several hundred
chromosomes, Psilotaceae
Psilotum, whisk ferns, fork ferns, two species,
tropics and subtropics, no roots, epiphytic and terrestrial, no leaves
but green wiry stems, in rock crevices, Psilotaceae
Gymnosperms, Conifers,
Phylum
Pinophyta, Coniferophyta, Pinopsida, cone-bearing trees
Abies alba (A. pectinata) silver fir, white
fir, silver spruce, European silver fir, white spruce, Pinaceae
Abies
balsamea (Pinus balsamea)
balsam fir, natural
turpentine, balsam tree, American silver
fir, balm of gilead fir, Canada
turpentine oil,[thin resin in bark used as
"Canada balsam"
in microscopy] Pinaceae
Abies excelsa
Burgandy pine [resin] Pinaceae
Abies mayriana, Mayr Sakhalin fir, Japanese fir
needle oil, Pinaceae
Abies sachalinensis, Sachalin fir, Japanese fir
needle oil, Pinaceae
Abies sibirica, Siberian fir, Siberian pine oil, Pinaceae
Actinostrobus, Cupressaceae
Acmopyle, Podocarpaceae
Afrocarpus, Podocarpaceae
Agathis australis,
kauri pine, New Zealand pine, Queensland kauri, amboyna pine [reaches
45 m height, 6 m trunk diameter] Araucariaceae
Agathis borneensis (A. dammara) Malayan kauri, Damar minyak,
Araucariaceae
Ajuga, bugle,
common ground pine or yellow bugle, herbal
medicine, low-growing annuals and perennials
Amentotaxus, Taxaceae
Araucaria, Moreton Bay pine, paranza pine [mostly large
conifers] Araucariaceae
Araucaria araucana, monkey puzzle tree, Chilean pine [prickly
leaves, reaches 24 m height and 1.2 m trunk
diameter] Araucariaceae
Araucaria bidwillii, Bunya-bunya pine, bunya pine, Araucariaceae
Araucaria biramulata, Araucariaceae
Araucaria columnaris, New Caledonia pine, Araucariaceae
Araucaria cunninghamii, Hoop pine, Araucariaceae
Araucaria excelsa, Norfolk Island pine, Araucariaceae
Araucaria heterophylla, Norfolk Island pine, Araucariaceae
Araucaria hunsteinii (A. klinkii) Klinki pine,
Araucariaceae
Araucaria rulei, Araucariaceae
Arceuthos, Cupressaceae
Arthrotaxis, Tasmania, Taxodiaceae
Athrotaxis cupressoides, Tasmanian cedar
Austrocedrus, Chilean cedar, Cupressaceae
Austrotaxus, Taxaceae
Calocedrus, incense cedar, Cupressaceae
Callitris columellaris, murray pine, sand cypress pine, white
cypress pine, Cupressaceae
Callitris endlicheri, black pine, Cupressaceae
Callitris intratropica, "cypress pine", Australia [not true
cypress Cupressus,] Cupressaceae
Cedrus atlantica,
Atlantic cedar, Atlas cedar, African cedar, Moroccan cedarwood oil,
libanol oil, Pinaceae
Cedrus deodara (C. deodorata) Deodar cedar,
Himalayan cedar, Pinaceae
Cedrus libani, (Cedrus atlantica)
cedar of Lebanon, Pinaceae
Cephalotaxus fortunei,plum
yew, Taxaceae, north China,
evergreen trees and shrubs, Cephalotaxaceae
Cephalotaxus harringtonia [homoharringtonine alkaloid]
Cephalotaxaceae
Cathaya, Pinaceae
Chamaecyparis funebris (Cupressus funebris)
mourning cypress, Chinese weeping cypress, Chinese cedarwood oil,
Cupressaceae
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Port Orford cedar, Oregon cedar,
lawson false cypress, Cupressaceae
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Alaska cedar, Alaska yellow cedar,
yellow cedar, Cupressaceae
Chamaecyparis obtusa var. obtusa, Hinoki cypress, false
cypress, Taiwan
cypress, Cupressaceae
Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana (C. taiwanensis)
Formosan hinoki, Cupressaceae
Chrysolarix, Pinaceae
Cryptomeria japonica, Cryptomeria, Japanese
cedar, sugi,
Taxodiaceae
Cupressocyparis leylandii,leyland cypress [(Cupressus
macrocarpa, Monterey cypress) X (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
Alaskan
cedar) inter-generic crossbreeding] sterile hybrids propagated by
rooted cuttings, many cultivars, e.g. Leighton Green the "spite tree or
hate tree" used to block neighbour's views, also used as Christmas
trees, Cupressaceae
Cunninghamia, Cupressaceae
Cupressus lusitanica, Mexican cypress, Kenya
cypress, Cupressaceae
Cupressus macrocarpa, Monterey cyprus, Cupressaceae
Cupressus sempervirens, Italian cypress,
Mediterranean cypress, true cypress,
cemetery
tree, Arizona cypress, Himalayan cyprus, funereal cypress [height to 12
m, used for hedges, landscaping, ee: pinene, camphene, sylvestrene,
cymene, sabinol] Cupressaceae
Cupressus sempervirens cv.
Stricta, Italian cypress, herbal remedy, Cupressaceae
Cupressus torulosa, Himalayan cypress, Cupressaceae
Cyperus mitis (C. scariosus sensu)
Nagar motha,
Cyperaceae
Cyperus rotundus, nut-grass, coco-grass,
Cyperaceae
Dacrycarpus, Podocarpaceae
Dacrydium (D. erlatum, Ekor kuda in Malaysia)
Tasmania, Podocarpaceae
Decussocarpu,s, Podocarpaceae
Dicrydium franklinli, Huon pine, huon
dacrydium,
Podocarpaceae
Diselma, Cupressaceae
Falcatifolium, Podocarpaceae
Fitzroya cupressoides,.
Patagonian cypress,
named after captain Robert Fitzroy, captain of HMS Beagle, with
passenger Charles Darwin, strong reddish timber, Tasmania, Cupressaceae
Fokienia, Cupressaceae
Glyptostrobus, Taxodiaceae
Halocarpus, Podocarpaceae
Hesperopeuce, Pinaceae
Heyderia, Cupressaceae
Juniperus asbei (J. mexicana) mountain
cedar, rock cedar, Mexican cedar, Mexican juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus ashei, Texas cedarwood, Cupressaceae
Juniperus chinensis, Chinese juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus chinensis var. aurea, Golden Chinese juniper,
Cupressaceae
Juniperus chinensis var. columnaris, Columnar Chinese
juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus communis
(var. communis, var. erecta) juniper, common
juniper [religious purification, urinary antiseptic herbal remedy]
Cupressaceae
Juniperus communis var. depressa,
Canadian juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus conferta, Shore juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus horizontalis, Creeping juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus oxycedrus, prickly juniper, cade juniper, juniper tar,
cade oil, prickly cedar, medlar tree, Cupressaceae
Juniperus phoenicea, Phoenician juniper, Phoenician savin oil,
Cupressaceae
Juniperus procumbens c.v. Nana, Dwarf Japanese juniper,
Cupressaceae
Juniperus sabina (Sabina cacumina) juniper tree, savin
juniper, coffin juniper,
Hollywood juniper [slow growing, long-lived, crushed needle-like
leaves, emit strong
smell, savin oil, used to flavour gin] Cupressaceae
Juniperus smerka, Yugoslavian juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus squamata (J. recurva var. squamata)
single-seed juniper, scaly-leaved Nepal juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus virginiana, Virginian cedarwood, eastern red cedar, red cedar. southern red cedar,
Bedford cedarwood,Virginian cedarwood [cedarwood oil] Cupressaceae
Keteleeria, Pinaceae
Lagarostrobos, Podocarpaceae
Larix,
larch trees European larch, Chinese larch, strong timber, bark
used for tanning and dyes, Pinaceae
Lepidothamnus, Podocarpaceae
Libocedrus macrolepsis, var. formosa (Calocedrus
formosana) Cupressaceae
Metasequoia glyptostroboides,
dawn redwood,
previously known as a fossil but widely propagated few trees
found in China, deciduous, durable timber, Cupressaceae
Microbiota, Cupressaceae
Microcachrys,
Tasmanias, Podocarpaceae
Microstrobos, Podocarpaceae
Nageia, Podocarpaceae
Neocallitropsis pancheri (N. araucarioldes, Callitropsis
araucarioides) pancher neocallitropsis, araucaria oil, Cupressaceae
Nothotaxus, Taxaceae
Nothotsuga, Pinaceae
Pandanus fascicularis (P. odoratissimus)
screw
pines, pandanus palm, pandang, padang,
attar of kewda oil, attar of keora oil [palm-like
evergreens, sword-shaped
spiny leaves, fruit like a pineapple] tropical and sub-tropical, Pandanaceae
Papuacedrus, Cupressaceae
Parasitaxus, Podocarpaceae
Pherosphaera, Podocarpaceae
Pherosphaero, Australia
Phyllocladus, Phyllocladus, Tasmania, Phyllocladaceae
Picea abies (P.
excelsa) spruce, Norway
spruce,
common spruce, spruce pine,
herbal medicine, [ not a "true fir", burgundy
pitch
oil, Jura turpentine oi1, Stockholm
tar, the traditional "Xmas tree", large pines reaching 60 m
but shallow roots so individual trees knocked over by strong winds]
Pinaceae
Picea ayacahuite, Mexican white pine [turpentine oil] Pinaceae
Picea glauca (P. alba, P.
canadensis) White spruce, Canadian spruce,
Pinaceae
Picea jezoensis, Yeddo spruce, Yezo spruce, Pinaceae
Picea mariana (P. nigra) Black spruce, Canadian black
pine, Pinaceae
Picea sitchensis, Sitka spruce,
Pinaceae
Pilgerodendron, Cupressaceae
Pinus contorta var. latifolia,
Lodgepole pine, turpentine oil, Pinaceae
Pinus elliotti (P. caribaea) Slash
pine, Cuban
pine, Pinaceae
Pinus halepensis, Aleppo pine, Jerusalem pine, Pinaceae
Pinus insignis [planted conifer] Pinaceae
Pinus insularis (P. khasya, P. kestyal, P.
khasyana, P. langbianensis) Khasi pine, Benguet pine
[Indian turpentine oil] herbal remedy, Pinaceae
Pinus keysiya, Benguet pine, Pinaceae
Pinus koraiensis, Korean pine, Pinaceae
Pinus longaeva, bristlecone pine, Pinaceae
Pinus massoniana, Masson pine, southern red pine [turpentine oil] Pinaceae
Pinus merkusii (P. latteri) Merkus pine, Tenasserim pine,
Pinaceae
Pinus mugo (P. montana) mountain pine. Swiss mountain pine
Pinus
mugo
var. mughus (P. mughus) mugho pine, Pinaceae
Pinus mugo
var. pumilio (P. pumilio) dwarf pine [pine needle oil] Pinaceae
Pinus nigra, Austrian pine, black pine, Pinaceae
Pinus palustriss, Longleaf pine, longleaf
yellow pine, southern yellow
pine, pitch pine, terebrinthina [syrup of
tar,
pine tar, oleoresin, turpentine] Pinaceae
Pinus pinaster, sea pine [turpentine oil] Pinaceae
Pinus pinea, Roman pine,
stone pine, umbrella pine, Southern Europe [flattened crown
straight reddish trunk, seeds eaten and called "pine nuts"] Pinaceae
Pinus ponderosa, Ponderosa pine, western yellow pine, Pinaceae
Pinus
radiata, Monterey pine, [New Zealand turpentine oil] Pinaceae
Pinus roxburgbii, Chir pine [Indian turpentine oil] Pinaceae
Pinus strobus, White pine, Canadian white pine, Pinaceae
Pinus sylvestris, Scots pine [turpentine
oil]
Pinaceae
Pinus
tabulaeformis, Chinese pine, Pinaceae
Pinus yunnanensis, Yunnan pine, Chinese pine, Pinaceae
Platycladus orientalis (Thuja orientalis) c.v. Conferta,
Oriental arbor vitae, herbal remedy, Cupressaceae
Podocarpus,
plum pines, podocarps, kusamaki, mahogany pine,
tropics and southern hemisphere [height 1 m to 45
m, useful softwoods] Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus falcartus, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus gracilior, African fern pine, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus imbricatus (Dacrycarpus imbricatus) Malayan
yellow wood, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus koodersii, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus macrophyllus, Buddhist pine, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus nagi, Broda-leaf podocarpus, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus nerifolius, Mountain teak, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus polystachyus, Sea teak, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus rumphii, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus wallichianus, Podo kebal musang gunung, Podocarpaceae
Prumnopitys, Podocarpaceae
Pseudolarix, Pinaceae
Pseudotaxus, Taxaceae
Pseudotsuga menziesii
(P. taxifolia) Douglas fir, Oregon balsam, Oregon
pine, North America, Mexico, China [largest
conifer, height to 90 m, live for 400 years, valuable timber] Pinaceae
Pseudotsuga
menziesii
var. menziesii, Coast Douglas fir, Pinaceae
Pseudotsuga menziesii
var. glauca, Rocky Mountain Douglas fir, Pinaceae
Retrophyllum, Podocarpaceae
Saxegothaea, Podocarpaceae
Sciadopitys, Taxodiaceae
Sequoia sempervirens,
redwood, coast redwood,
california redwood, sequoia, giant
sequoia, redwood pine, giant
redwood [world's tallest tree 110 m, may live for thousands of years]
Cupressaceae
Sequoiadendron giganteum (Wellingtonia
gigantea, Sequoia gigantea,) giant sequoia, bigtree,
sierra-redwood, wellingtonia, big tree, reaches 90 m
height, 12 m trunk diameter, long-lived,
large timber volume, Cupressaceae
Stachycarpus, Podocarpaceae
Stangeria, Podocarpaceae
Sundacarpus, Podocarpaceae
Taiwania, Taxodiaceae
Taxodium, 3 species: pond cypress, swamp cypress, bald
cypress, montezuma cypress, Mexican bald cypress, North
America
and Mexico, near lakes, strong wood, Taxodiaceae
Taxodium distichum, bald cypress, swamp cypress, Cupressaceae
Taxodium mucronatum, Mexican
bald cypress, Cupressaceae
Taxus baccata, yew tree, English yew, churchyard tree, Japanese
yew,
slow-growing, long-lived, needle-like leaves, used for hedges,
long-bows, poisonous leaves (drug taxol) [cut
stem, use ink to show transpiration stream, taxine alkaloid] Taxaceae
Taxus brevifolia,Pacific yew [taxol, paclitaxel is reputed
ant-cancer
drug] Taxaceae
Tetraclinis, Cupressaceae
Thuja arbor-vitae (Biota,) red cedar, white
cedar, north-eastern Asia and North America, scented foliage,
straight trunks
valuable timber, Cupressaceae
Thuja
occidentalis, northern white cedar, white cedar, eastern white
cedar,
American arborvine, thuja, swamp cedar [cedarleaf oil] Cupressaceae
Thuja orientalls (Biota orientalis) Chinese or Japanese
cedar, Cupressaceae
Thuja plicata, Western red cedar, western arborvitae, Washington
cedar, Cupressaceae
Thujopsis dolobrata, hiba, Cupressaceae
Thujopsis dolobrata var. dolobrata, azuriaro,
Cupressaceae
Thujopsis dolobrata, var. hondae, hinoki-asunaro,
Cupressaceae
Torreya taxifolia, California nutmeg, naya Japan,
spiny
pointed
leaves, male and female organs on separate trees, height to 21 m,
Taxaceae
Tsuga canadensis (Pinus canadensis, Abies canadensis)
eastern
hemlock, common hemlock, Canadian hemlock, Chinese hemlock [garden
tree, dwarf to 21 m, not
poisonous, tannins, spruce oil] Pinaceae
Widdringtonia cupressoides (W. dracomontana, W. whytei)
mountain widdringtonia, mlange cedar, Cupressaceae
Wollemia nobilis,
Wollemi pine, discovered
Australia 1994, height to 36 m, now being extensively
propagated
Cycads, Phylum
Cycadophyta, gymnosperm
Cycads
have a multciliate sperm released in liquid the pollen tube the
microspore (pollen grain) to swim to the archegonium
(female
sex organ) within the female prothallus (gametophyte) formed by the
megasporangium (ovule).
Bowenia,
Byfield fern, cycad fern
Ceratozamia, Zamiaceae
Chigua, Zamiaceae
Cycas pectinata, sago palm [not a true monocotyledon palm] fern
palm, Australia,
Madagascar, Pacific islands, Cycadaceae
Cycas revoluta, Japanese cycad [most cultivated ornamental
palm] Cycadaceae
Cycas rumphii, Paku laut, Cycadaceae
Cycas siamensis, Cycadaceae
Dioon, Zamiaceae
Encephalartos altensteini, Bread tree, prickly cycad,
white-haired cycad, South Africa [slow-growing, long palm-like fronds,
female
cone
like a pineapple] Zamiaceae
Encephalartos ferox, Zamiaceae
Encephalartos hildebrandtii, Zamiaceae
Encephalartos horridus (Zamia
horrida) ferocious spiny blue cycad, Zamiaceae
Encephalartos longifolius, Zamiaceae
Lepidozamia, Zamiaceae
Macrozamia, burrawang palm, not a true palm, fronds to 2.4 m
long,
pineapple-shaped male and female
cones, large red seeds, Zamiaceae
Microcycas,
Microcycas, Zamiaceae
Stangeria eriopsis
Zamia furfuracea, cardboard
palm,
coontie, container plant [male cones and female cones on different
plants] Zamiaceae
Zamia pumila, Sago ncycad,
coontie
Zamiaceae
Ginkgo, Phylum
Ginkgophyta (Ginkgoales)Ginkgoaceae, Ginkgo
biloba, gymnosperms
Ginkgo is deciduous, dioecious (male and female trees) reaches
24 m in height and produces a multiciliate sperm. It has a main trunk
with lateral
branches and leaves like maidenhair ferns. It occurs naturally in
Northern China and is the only
species
of the order Gingoales.
Ginkgo biloba, ginkgo, maidenhair tree,
is only survivor of the order
Ginkgoales in
Permian period. herbal remedy, edible fruit, Ginkgoaceae
Phylum
Glaucophyta, unicellular, freshwater
flagellates
2 flagellae, bright blue-green cells, phycocyanin, starch
Glaucocystis, Gloeochaete, Cyanophora,
Phylum
Gnetophyta,
gymnosperms, Gnetopsida
Ephedra, ephedra, Chinese ephedra, joint-fir,
Americas, north
Africa,
temperate Asia, southern Europe, mass of stems, almost no leaves, male
and female cones, ephidrine Chinese
ma-huang, mormon tea, herbal remedy, Ephedraceae
Ephedra bronchodilator, ephedra [pseudoephedrine, isomer
of
ephedrine, ephedrine alkaloid] Ephedraceae
Ephedra sinica ( E. coryi) ma huang, Chinese ephedra,
ephedra,
mormon tea [ephedrine alkaloid] herbal remedy, Ephedraceae
Gnetum gnemon, Meninjau, Gnetaceae
Welwitschia mirabilis, Namibia deserts
short
hollow stem with two strap-like leaves, slow-growing, male and female
cones, Welwitschiaceae
Hornworts,
Phylum Anthocerotophyta
Anthoceros, Dendroceros, Felioceros,Notothyles, Phaeoceros,
Liverworts,
Phylum
Hepatophyta
Liverworts have a flat leafy gametophyte (the haploid (n) phase of
plants showing alternation of generations) and have a delicate stalk
(sets) that dies after spore dispersal in the sporophyte (2n)
generation.
Riccia, is a
floating
liverwort.
Marchantia,Pellia
Mosses, Phylum
Bryophyta
Mosses have an upright or creeping gametophyte with leaves arranges
spirally. The sporophyte has a tough seta that persists after spore
dispersal.
Hornworts have a simple gametophyte and a long horn-like sporophyte.
Catharinea, Dawsonia,Funaria,Mnium,carpet
moss, Polytrichum, haircap moss,Sphagnum, peat
moss,Stricta, herbal medicine
Taxons
Taxons are based on the Linnean sequence, Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778,
published in "Systema Naturae" in 1735.
Kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista (Protoctista) Bacteria
(Monera) Archaea (not is some systems)
An animal species
Kingdom: Animalia, Animals
Phylum, Division: Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Lagomorpha
Family: Leporidae
Genus and species, binomial classification: Oryctolagus cuniculus,
rabbit, European rabbit
The
classification of the common bean species
Kingdom: Plantae, Plants, Subkingdom: Tracheobionta, Vascular plants,
Superdivision: Spermatophyta, Seed plants
Phylum, Division: Magnoliophyta, Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida, Dicotyledons, Subclass: Rosidae
Order: Fabales, also called Leguminales
Family: Fabaceae, also called Leguminosae, Pea family
Genus and species, binomial classification: Phaseolus
vulgaris, common bean, kidney bean, French bean, haricot
bean,runner bean
Phylogenetic
classification
1.0 Prokaryota, Prokaryotes have no cell
nucleus, no mitosis, no meiosis
1.1 Archaea, Archaebacteria, live in hot acid
environment, mostly
anaerobic, e.g. Methanococcus
jannaschii lives in in hydrothermal vents. Its genome has been
sequenced.
Phylum Crenarchaeota
Phylum Euryarchaeota
1.2 Bacteria,
Phylogenetic
classification
Phylum Acidobacteria
Phylum Actinobacteria, Actinomycetes
Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis)
Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)
Phylum Aquificae
Phylum Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides-Cytophaga-Flavobacterium
Phylum Chlamydiae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Phylum Chloroflexi
Phylum Chrysiogenetes
Phylum Cyanobacteria
Phylum Deferribacteres
Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus
Deinococcus radiodurans
(tough, radiation-resistant bacterium)
Phylum Dictyoglomi
Phylum Fibrobacteres
Phylum Firmicutes
Phylum Fusobacteria
Phylum Gemmatimonadetes
Phylum Lentisphaerae
Phylum Nitrospira
Phylum Planctomycetes, Planctomyces
Phylum Proteobacteria
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Ralstonia solanacearum, Azotobacter,
Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Rhizobium, Vibrio cholerae (cholera)
Helicobacter
pylori (causes peptic ulcers) Haemophilus
influenzae (Bacillus influenzae) (first genome of a free-living
organism)
Phylum Spirochaetes
Leptospira, Treponema pallidum, Borrelia
Phylum Tenericutes
Phylum Thermodesulfobacteria
Phylum Thermomicrobia
Phylum Thermotogae
Phylum Verrucomicrobia
Class Mollicutes, mycoplasmas
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma genitalium (smallest
genome of a free-living organism)
1.3 Eucaryota,
Eukaryota
Eukaryotes have a cell nucleus and nuclear membrane,
chromosomes, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus.
Plants, Plantae
Animals, Animalia
Fungi, fungi
Phylum Metamonada, Trichomonadida, trichomonads
Trichomonas vaginalis
Phylum Metamonada, Diplomonadida, diplomonads
Giardia lamblia,
Phylum
Amoebozoa
Entamoeba histolytica
Phylum Ciliophora, ciliate protozoa
Balantidium, Paramecium, Stentor, Stylonychia, Vorticella
Flagellate protozoa (formerly a class of phylum Mastigophora) now
generally divided into phytoflagellates that have chloroplasts and
zooflagellates that do not have chloroplasts
Class Mycetozoa (Phylum
Myxomycota) Myxomycetes (acellular or plasmodial or coenocytic
slime
moulds)
giant kelps, Stemonitis, Physarum polycephalum
Class Oomycetes (Phylum
Oomycota) water moulds, downy mildews, rusts, Kingdom Chromista,
Chromists
Saprolegnia, Phytophthera infestans, Plasmopara viticola, Albugo
candida (Cystopus,) Monoblepharis,Peronospora, Physarum,
Pythium,
Class Hyphochytridiomycetes (Phylum Hypochytridiomycota) protist,
Kingdom
Chromista.)
Class Chytridiomycetes (Phylum
Chytridiomycota) chytrids Heterokontophyta
Phylum Glomeromycota, Glomerales,
mycorrhizal associations
Phylum Cerozoa, amoeboids and flagellates, slime mould
Phylum
Zygomycota, zygomycetes, phaecomycota, phycomycetes, Class Microsporidia
Microsporum
Phylum
Hyphochytridiomycota, protist
1.1.1 Kingdom
Protista, Heterotrophic protists
1.1.2 Chromista
1.1.3 Heterokontophyta
Parmelia
cirrhata (P. nepalensis) Indian moss, Parmeliaceae
Evernia furfuraceae, Tree moss, Usneaceae
Evernia prunastri, Oakmoss, Usneaceae
Ramalina fastigiata, Chinese moss, Usneaceae
Ramalina subcomplanata, Indian moss, Usneaceae
Usnea barbata, Tree moss, Usneaceae
Usnea lucea, Haraphool, Usneaceae