School Science Lessons
Plants, Not flowering plants, algae, fungi, lichens, bacteria, viruses
2012-04-10 SP

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Table of contents
1.0.0 Not flowering plants, fungi, lichens, bacteria, viruses
1.0.0 Algae, (macro-algae), (sea weed, water weeds)
7.01 Kingdom Chromista
1.0.1 Kingdom Protista
9.0.3 Phylum Heterokontophyta
9.46 Liverworts, liverworts, Phylum Hepatophyta, Hepaticae, Pellia, Marchantia
9.45 Hornworts, Phylum Anthocerotophyta, Anthoceros, Dendroceros, Felioceros, Notothyles, Phaeoceros
9.47 Moss, Phylum Bryophyta, Musci, Dawsonia, Funaria, Polytrichum
3.0 Club moss, (Lycophyta, Lycopodiales), Phylum Lycopodiophyta, Selaginella, Lycopodium
4.0 Ferns, true ferns, (Pterophyta, Filicales), Phylum Pteridophyta, Dryopteris, Pteridium
5.1 Whisk ferns, Phylum Psilophyta, (Psilotales), Psilotaceae, Psilotum, Tmesipteris
5.2 Cryptophytes, Phylum Cryptophyta, Cryptomonas
5.3 Glaucophytes, unicellular, freshwater, flagellate, Phylum Glaucophyta, Glaucocystis
9.4.0 Seed-bearing plants, seed plants, Spermatophytes
9.50 Naked seed plants, gymnosperms, (ovules and seeds on surface of leaf-like sporophylls)
6.0 Conifers, gymnosperms, cone-bearing trees, (Coniferophyta, Pinopsida), Phylum Pinophyta, Pinus
7.0 Cycads, gymnosperm, (Cycadales), Phylum Cycadophyta, Cycas, Macrozamia
8.0 Ginkgo, gymnosperms, maidenhair tree, (Ginkgoales), Phylum Ginkgophyta, Ginkgo biloba
9.0 Gnetophytes, gymnosperms, (Gnetopsida, Gnetales), Phylum Gnetophyta, Ephedra, Gnetum, Welwitschia
10.0 Progymnospermophyta, palaeozoic fossil plants, (Some are like trees.)

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3.44 Bacteria
1.2.0 Bacteria classified by phylum
9.0.0 Fungi
7.01 Kingdom Chromista
1.0.1 Kingdom Protista
9.4.0 Levels of organization, Biosphere to atomic particle
9.208 Lichens, Ascomycota
3.43.02.1 Mushrooms, Edible mushrooms
9.0.3 Phylum Heterokontophyta
9.213 Viruses

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3.0 Club moss, (Lycophyta, Lycopodiales), Phylum Lycopodiophyta
Huperezia serrata, toothed club moss, huperzia, [huperzine alkaloid], Lycopodiaceae
Isoetes, usually submerged plants in freshwater lakes, Isoetaceae
Isoetes drummondii, live crowded together in dry places, Isoetaceae
Lycopodiella, Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium, club moss, ground pine, ("lycopodium" means "wolf's foot"), Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium clavatum, stag's horn club moss, stag horn moss, ground pine, Australian mountains, Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium densum, mountain moss, Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium phlegmaria, large epiphytic plants, Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium volubile, long scrambling plant, Lycopodiaceae
Phylloglossum, Lycopodiaceae
Selaginella, spike moss, little club moss, peacock moss, queen of the night, Selaginellaceae
Selaginella kraussiana, [prostrate plant with rhizophore shoots, root-like organs formed at forks in the axis] Selaginellaceae
Selaginella uliginosa, erect radial plant, Selaginellaceae

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4.0 Ferns, true ferns, (Pterophyta, Filicales), Phylum Pteridophyta
Acrostichum aureum, Leather fern, Pteridaceae
Adiantum capillus-veneris, Venus's hair fern, maidenhair ferns, American maidenhair, true maidenhair, herbal medicine, popular garden fern American tropic region [has siphonostele, tubular stele with xylem and phloem as a hollow tube around the pith] [frond repels water], (tannin, traditional medicine), Polypodiaceae, (Adiantaceae),
Adiantum raddianum Delta maidenhair, Polypodiaceae, (Adiantaceae),
Adiantum trapeziforme Giant maidenhair, Polypodiaceae, (Adiantaceae),
Alsophila, tree fern, thick erect stem [has dictyostele, siphonostele as a network]
Angiopteris evecta, Elephant fern, Marattiaceae
Aspidium, male fern, rusty back fern Polypodiaceae
Asplenium, sp., (Phyllitis sp.), hen and chicken, necklace fern, bird's nest ferns, spleenworts, hart's tongue, Polypodiaceae, (Aspleniaceae), herbal medicine
Asplenium flabellifolium, "walking fern" [buds develop at ends of pinnate fronds] Polypodiaceae, (Aspleniaceae),
Asplenium nidus, Bird's nest fern [narrow sori form lateral veins of sporophyll] Polypodiaceae, (Aspleniaceae),
Asplenium rhizophyllum, (Camptosorus rhizophyllus, ), walking fern, Polypodiaceae, (Aspleniaceae),
Asplenium scolopendrium, hart's tongue fern, Polypodiaceae, (Aspleniaceae),
Athyrium filix-femina, lady fern
Athyrium nipponicum, Japanese painted fern, pictum
Azolla, water fern, duck weed fern, floating fern, mosquito fern, N-fixing symbiotic cyanobacteria Anabaena azollae, within leaf cavities, biofertilizer, Pteridophyta, Family Azollaceae
Azolla filiculoides, Pacific azolla
Azolla pinnata, ferny azolla
Blechnum, Brazil tree fern, rib fern, crown fern
Blechnum cartilagineum, [distinct vegetative sporophylls and spore-bearing sporophylls]
Blechnum capense, palm leaf fern
Blechnum occidentale, hammock fern
Bowenia, byfield fern, Boweniaceae
Calamites [fossil fern]
Ceratopteris thalictroides, Paku roman, Parkeriaceae
Cheilanthes lanosa, hairy lip fern, lip fern, (woolly rock fern),
Cibotium barometz, "vegetable lamb, Tartarian lamb, Scythium lamb", woolly rootstock so like an animal, Asia
Cryptogamma crispa, parsley fern
Cyathea latebrosa, Tree ferns, thick erect stems, Cyatheaceae
Cystopteris, bladder ferns, mountain bladder fern, arctic bladder fern, berry bladder fern
Davallia denticulata, Rabbit's foot fern, hare's foot fern, squirrel's foot fern, deer's foot fern
Dennstaedtia punctiloba, hay-scented buckler fern
Dicksonia fibrosa, golden tree fern, soft tree ferns, wheki, (woolly tree fern), [thick erect stems, has dictyostele, siphonostele as a network]
Doodia aspera, prickly rasp fern, mat-forming, garden plant, Blechnaceae
Dryopteris filix-mas, (D. marginalis), male fern, male shield ferns, buckler fern, crested buckler fern, broad buckler fern, wood fern, giant wood fern, autumn fern, Polypodiaceae
Equisetum arvense, horsetail, giant horsetail, scouring rush, candock, herbal remedy, (only living genus), Equisitaceae
Gleichenia, coral fern, parasol fern
Gleichenia flabellata [has mesarch protostele where some metaxylem forms centrifugally adjacent to the phloem but most forms centriptetally towards the centre of the stem] Gleicheniaceae
Gleichenia linearis, bracken tree fern, Gleicheniaceae
Gymnocarpium dryopteris, oak fern
Hymenophyllum, filmy ferns Tunbridge filmy fern, Wilson's filmy fern
Lycopodium phlegmaria, Lycopodiaceae
Lycopddium squarrosum, Rock tassel fern, Lycopodiaceae
Lygodium microphyllum, (L. scandens), Ribu-ribu, Selada, Schizaeaceae
Marsilea, water clover fern, nardoo, nardoo "seed", food of Australian aboriginals
Matteuccia struthiopteris, ostrich feather fern
Nephrodium [buds develop near leaf bases]
Nephrolepis, sword ferns, erect sword fern, fish bone fern, Boston fern
Nephrolepis biserrata, Broad sword fern, Polypodiaceae
Nephrolepis corfdifolia, Duff's sword fern, Polypodiaceae
Nephrolepis exaltata, Polypodiaceae
Onoclea sensibilis, sensitive fern
Osmunda regalis, royal fern, cinnamon fern, interrupted fern, herbal medicine
Pellaea, brake fern, sickle fern, button fern [has siphonostele, tubular stele with xylem and phloem as a hollow tube around the pith]
Platycerium bifurcatum, stag's horn, elk horn, elk's horn, Polypodiaceae
Platycerium coronarium, Stag horn fern, Polypodiaceae
Platycerium grande, stag horn fern, stakhorn fern, elk horn fern, epiphyte [fertile fronds like a stag's antlers] Polypodiaceae
Platycerium superbum, supurb-fronded elk horn, Polypodiaceae
Platycerium wandae, Polypodiaceae
Polypodium vulgare, hare's foot fern, common polypody, climbing fern, angle vein fern, leather leaf fern, American rock fern, herbal medicine [clime on tree trunks by using adherent scales, branched rhizome] Polypodiaceae
Polypodium polycarpon, Polypodiaceae
Polypodium punctatum, (Grandiceps), Fish tail fern, Polypodiaceae
Polypodium pustulatum, climbing fern [has dictyostele, siphonostele as a network] Polypodiaceae
Polypodium scandens, climbing fern, Polypodiaceae
Polystichum acrostichoides, shield fern, soft shield fern, sword fern, American sword fern, Christmas fern, Australian shield fern, holly fern [many rows of sori on pinnules], Dryopteridaceae
Polystichum aculeatum, hard shield fern [buds formed near end of frond may root when touching the soil] [the true indusium is stalked structure lower epidermis]
Pteridium aquilinum, western bracken fern, induces abortion [crozier-like coiling of of young leaves] [the false indusium is the leaf margin curved towards the lower surface of the sporophyll] [creeping branching rhizome] [has dictyostele and series of meristeles in central parenchyma], Dennstaedtiaceae
Pteridium aquilinum, starchy rhizomes are edible, New Zealand
Pteris, brake fern, slender brake fern, jungle brake fern, table fern, induces abortion, Pteridaceae
Pteris tripartita, Giant bracken fern, Pteridaceae
Pyrrosia piloselloides Sakat ribu-ribu, Polypodiaceae
Salvinia molesta, Water spangle, water fern, floating fern, giant water fern [floating annual fern, no true roots, serious water weed] Salviniaceae
Selaginella mayeri, Selaginellaceae
Selaginella plana, Selaginellaceae
Selaginella willdenowii, Selaginellaceae
Tectaria fissa, Dryopteraceae
Woodwardsia, chain fern

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5.1 Whisk ferns, Phylum Psilophyta, (Psilotales), Psilotaceae
Psilotum, and Tmesipteris, are "living fossils".
Tmesipteris, has several hundred chromosomes, Psilotaceae
Psilotum, whisk ferns, fork ferns, two species, tropics and subtropics, no roots, epiphytic and terrestrial, no leaves but green wiry stems, in rock crevices, Psilotaceae

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5.2 Cryptophytes, cryptomonads, brown, blue, blue-green, red, red-brown cells, Phylum Cryptophyta, Cryptomonas

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5.3 Glaucophytes, Phylum Glaucophyta
Unicellular, freshwater flagellates, 2 flagellae, bright blue-green cells, phycocyanin, starch
Glaucocystis, Gloeochaete, Cyanophora

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6.0 Conifers, gymnosperm, cone bearing trees, (Coniferophyta, Pinopsida), Phylum Pinophyta
Abies alba, (A. pectinata), silver fir, white fir, silver spruce, European silver fir, white spruce, Pinaceae
Abies balsamea;, (Pinus balsamea), balsam fir, natural turpentine, balsam tree, American silver fir, balm of gilead fir, Canada turpentine oil, [thin resin in bark used as "Canada balsam" in microscopy], Pinaceae
Abies excelsa Burgandy pine, [resin], Pinaceae
Abies mayriana, Mayr Sakhalin fir, Japanese fir needle oil, Pinaceae
Abies sachalinensis, Sachalin fir, Japanese fir needle oil, Pinaceae
Abies sibirica, Siberian fir, Siberian pine oil, Pinaceae
Actinostrobus, Cupressaceae
Acmopyle, Podocarpaceae
Afrocarpus, Podocarpaceae
Agathis australis, kauri pine, New Zealand pine, Queensland kauri, amboyna pine, [reaches 45 m height, 6 m trunk diameter], Araucariaceae
Agathis borneensis, (A. dammara), Malayan kauri, Damar minyak, Araucariaceae
Ajuga, bugle, common ground pine or yellow bugle, herbal medicine, slow growing, annuals and perennials
Amentotaxus, Taxaceae
Araucaria, Moreton Bay pine, paranza pine, [mostly large conifers], Araucariaceae
Araucaria araucana, monkey puzzle tree, Chilean pine, [prickly leaves, reaches 24 m height and 1.2 m trunk diameter], Araucariaceae
Araucaria bidwillii, Bunya-bunya pine, bunya pine, Araucariaceae
Araucaria biramulata, Araucariaceae
Araucaria columnaris, New Caledonia pine, Araucariaceae
Araucaria cunninghamii, Hoop pine, Araucariaceae
Araucaria excelsa, Norfolk Island pine, Araucariaceae
Araucaria heterophylla, Norfolk Island pine, Araucariaceae
Araucaria hunsteinii, (A. klinkii), Klinki pine, Araucariaceae
Araucaria rulei, Araucariaceae
Arceuthos, Cupressaceae
Arthrotaxis, Tasmania, Taxodiaceae
Athrotaxis cupressoides, Tasmanian cedar
Austrocedrus, Chilean cedar, Cupressaceae
Austrotaxus, Taxaceae
Calocedrus, incense cedar, Cupressaceae
Callitris columellaris, murray pine, sand cypress pine, white cypress pine, Cupressaceae
Callitris endlicheri, black pine, Cupressaceae
Callitris intratropica, "cypress pine", Australia, [not true cypress Cupressus], Cupressaceae
Cedrus atlantica, Atlantic cedar, Atlas cedar, African cedar, Moroccan ocedar woodil, libanol oil, Pinaceae
Cedrus deodara, (C. deodorata), Deodar cedar, Himalayan cedar, Pinaceae
Cedrus libani, (Cedrus atlantica), cedar of Lebanon, Pinaceae
Cephalotaxus fortunei, plum yew, Taxaceae, north China, evergreen trees and shrubs, Cephalotaxaceae
Cephalotaxus harringtonia, [homoharringtonine alkaloid], Cephalotaxaceae
Cathaya, Pinaceae
Chamaecyparis funebris, (Cupressus funebris), mourning cypress, Chinese weeping cypress, Chinese cedar wood oil, Cupressaceae
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Port Orford cedar, Oregon cedar, lawson false cypress, Cupressaceae
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Alaska cedar, Alaska yellow cedar, yellow cedar, Cupressaceae
Chamaecyparis obtusa var. obtusa, Hinoki cypress, false cypress, Taiwan cypress, Cupressaceae
Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana, (C. taiwanensis), Formosan hinoki, Cupressaceae
Chrysolarix, Pinaceae
Cryptomeria japonica, Cryptomeria, Japanese cedar, sugi, Taxodiaceae
Cupressocyparis leylandii, leyland cypress, [(Cupressus macrocarpa, Monterey cypress) X (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Alaskan cedar)] (an example of inter-generic crossbreeding], sterile hybrids propagated by rooted cuttings, many cultivars, e.g. Leighton Green, the "spite tree or hate tree" used to block neighbour's views, also used as Christmas trees, Cupressaceae
Cunninghamia, Cupressaceae
Cupressus lusitanica, Mexican cypress, Kenya cypress, Cupressaceae
Cupressus macrocarpa, Monterey cyprus, Cupressaceae
Cupressus sempervirens, Italian cypress, Mediterranean cypress, true cypress, cemetery tree, Arizona cypress, Himalayan cyprus, funereal cypress, [height to 12 m, used for hedges, landscaping, ee: pinene, camphene, sylvestrene, cymene, sabinol], Cupressaceae
Cupressus sempervirens cv. Stricta, Italian cypress, herbal remedy, Cupressaceae
Cupressus torulosa, Himalayan cypress, Cupressaceae
Cyperus mitis, (C. scariosus sensu), Nagar motha, Cyperaceae
Cyperus rotundus, nut grass, coco grass, Cyperaceae
Dacrycarpus, Podocarpaceae
Dacrydium, (D. erlatum, Ekor kuda in Malaysia), Tasmania, Podocarpaceae
Decussocarpus, Podocarpaceae
Dicrydium franklinli, Huon pine, huon dacrydium, Podocarpaceae
Diselma, Cupressaceae
Falcatifolium, Podocarpaceae
Fitzroya cupressoides, . Patagonian cypress, named after captain Robert Fitzroy, captain of HMS Beagle, with passenger Charles Darwin, strong reddish timber, Tasmania, Cupressaceae
Fokienia, Cupressaceae
Glyptostrobus, Taxodiaceae
Halocarpus, Podocarpaceae
Hesperopeuce, Pinaceae
Heyderia, Cupressaceae
Juniperus asbei, (J. mexicana), mountain cedar, rock cedar, Mexican cedar, Mexican juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus ashei, Texas cedar wood, Cupressaceae
Juniperus chinensis, Chinese juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus chinensis var. aurea, Golden Chinese juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus chinensis var. columnaris, Columnar Chinese juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus communis, (var. communis, var. erecta), juniper, common juniper, [religious purification, urinary antiseptic herbal remedy], Cupressaceae
Juniperus communis var. depressa, Canadian juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus conferta, Shore juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus horizontalis, Creeping juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus oxycedrus, prickly juniper, cade juniper, juniper tar, cade oil, prickly cedar, medlar tree, Cupressaceae
Juniperus phoenicea, Phoenician juniper, Phoenician savin oil, Cupressaceae
Juniperus procumbens c.v. Nana, Dwarf Japanese juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus sabina, (Sabina cacumina), juniper tree, savin juniper, coffin juniper, Hollywood juniper, [slow growing, long-lived, crushed needle-like leaves, emit strong smell, savin oil, used to flavour gin], Cupressaceae
Juniperus smerka, Yugoslavian juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus squamata, (J. recurva var. squamata), single seed juniper, scaly-leaved, Nepal juniper, Cupressaceae
Juniperus virginiana, Virginian cedarwood, eastern red cedar, red cedar. southern red cedar, Bedford cedar wood, Virginian cedar wood, [cedar wood oil], Cupressaceae
Keteleeria, Pinaceae
Lagarostrobos, Podocarpaceae
Larix, larch trees, European larch, Chinese larch, strong timber, bark used for tanning and dyes, Pinaceae
Larix olgensis, Olga Bay larch, Olgan larch, deciduous conifer, mountain forest tree, vulnerable species, Japan, Pinaceae
Lepidothamnus, Podocarpaceae
Libocedrus macrolepsis, var. formosa, (Calocedrus formosana), Cupressaceae
Metasequoia glyptostroboides, dawn redwood, previously known as a fossil but widely propagated few trees found in China, deciduous, durable timber, Cupressaceae
Microbiota, Cupressaceae
Microcachrys, Tasmanias, Podocarpaceae
Microstrobos, Podocarpaceae
Nageia, Podocarpaceae
Neocallitropsis pancheri, (N. araucarioldes, Callitropsis araucarioides), pancher neocallitropsis, araucaria oil, Cupressaceae
Nothotaxus, Taxaceae
Nothotsuga, Pinaceae
Pandanus fascicularis, (P. odoratissimus), screw pines, pandanus palm, pandang, padang, attar of kewda oil, attar of keora oil, [palm-like evergreens, sword-shaped spiny leaves, fruit like a pineapple], tropical and sub-tropical, Pandanaceae
Papuacedrus, Cupressaceae
Parasitaxus, Podocarpaceae
Pherosphaera, Podocarpaceae
Pherosphaero, Australia
Phyllocladus, Phyllocladus, Tasmania, Phyllocladaceae
Picea abies, (P. excelsa), spruce, Norway spruce, common spruce, spruce pine, herbal medicine, [not a "true fir", burgundy pitch oil, Jura turpentine oi1, Stockholm tar, the traditional "Xmas tree", large pines reaching 60 m but shallow roots so individual trees knocked over by strong winds], Pinaceae
Picea ayacahuite, Mexican white pine, [turpentine oil], Pinaceae
Picea glauca, (P. alba, P. canadensis), White spruce, Canadian spruce, Pinaceae
Picea jezoensis, Yeddo spruce, Yezo spruce, Pinaceae
Picea mariana, (P. nigra), Black spruce, Canadian black pine, Pinaceae
Picea sitchensis, Sitka spruce, Pinaceae
Pilgerodendron, Cupressaceae
Pinus contorta var. latifolia, Lodgepole pine, turpentine oil, Pinaceae
Pinus elliotti, (P. caribaea), Slash pine, Cuban pine, Pinaceae
Pinus halepensis, Aleppo pine, Jerusalem pine, Pinaceae
Pinus insignis, [planted conifer], Pinaceae
Pinus insularis, (P. khasya, P. kestyal, P. khasyana, P. langbianensis), Khasi pine, Benguet pine [Indian turpentine oil] herbal remedy, Pinaceae
Pinus keysiya, Benguet pine, Pinaceae
Pinus koraiensis, Korean pine, Pinaceae
Pinus longaeva, bristle cone pine, Pinaceae, (said to live for up to 5000 years),
Pinus massoniana, Masson pine, southern red pine, [turpentine oil], Pinaceae
Pinus merkusii, (P. latteri), Merkus pine, Tenasserim pine, Pinaceae
Pinus mugo, (P. montana), mountain pine. Swiss mountain pine
Pinus mugo var. mughus, (P. mughus), mugho pine, Pinaceae
Pinus mugo var. pumilio, (P. pumilio), dwarf pine, [pine needle oil], Pinaceae
Pinus nigra, Austrian pine, black pine, Pinaceae
Pinus palustriss, Longleaf pine, longleaf yellow pine, southern yellow pine, pitch pine, terebrinthina, [syrup of tar, pine tar, oleoresin, turpentine], Pinaceae
Pinus pinaster, sea pine [turpentine oil] Pinaceae
Pinus pinea, Roman pine, stone pine, umbrella pine, Southern Europe, [flattened crown straight reddish trunk, seeds eaten and called "pine nuts"], Pinaceae
Pinus ponderosa, Ponderosa pine, western yellow pine, Pinaceae
Pinus radiata, Monterey pine, [New Zealand turpentine oil], Pinaceae
Pinus roxburgbii, Chir pine [Indian turpentine oil], Pinaceae
Pinus strobus, White pine, Canadian white pine, Pinaceae
Pinus sylvestris, Scots pine [turpentine oil], Pinaceae
Pinus tabulaeformis, Chinese pine, Pinaceae
Pinus taeda, loblolly pine, USA, Pinaceae
Pinus yunnanensis, Yunnan pine, Chinese pine, Pinaceae
Platycladus orientalis, (Thuja orientalis), c.v. Conferta, Oriental arbour vitae, herbal remedy, Cupressaceae
Podocarpus, plum pines, podocarps, kusamaki, mahogany pine, tropics and Southern hemisphere , [height 1 m to 45 m, useful softwoods], Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus falcartus, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus gracilior, African fern pine, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus imbricatus, (Dacrycarpus imbricatus), Malayan yellow wood, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus koodersii, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus macrophyllus, Buddhist pine, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus nagi, Broda-leaf podocarpus, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus nerifolius, Mountain teak, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus polystachyus, Sea teak, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus rumphii, Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus wallichianus, Podo kebal musang gunung, Podocarpaceae
Prumnopitys, Podocarpaceae
Pseudolarix, Pinaceae
Pseudotaxus, Taxaceae
Pseudotsuga menziesii, (P. taxifolia), Douglas fir, Oregon balsam, Oregon pine, North America, Mexico, China , [largest conifer, height to 90 m, live for 400 years, valuable timber], Pinaceae
Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii, Coast Douglas fir, Pinaceae
Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca, Rocky Mountain Douglas fir, Pinaceae
Retrophyllum, Podocarpaceae
Saxegothaea, Podocarpaceae
Sciadopitys, Taxodiaceae
Sequoia sempervirens, redwood, coast redwood, california redwood, sequoia, giant sequoia, redwood pine, giant redwood , [world's tallest tree 110 m, may live for thousands of years], Cupressaceae
Sequoiadendron giganteum, (Wellingtonia gigantea, Sequoia gigantea), giant sequoia, big tree, sierra redwood, wellingtonia, big tree, reaches 90 m height, 12 m trunk diameter, long-lived, large timber volume, Cupressaceae
Stachycarpus, Podocarpaceae
Stangeria, Podocarpaceae
Sundacarpus, Podocarpaceae
Taiwania, Taxodiaceae
Taxodium, 3 species: pond cypress, swamp cypress, bald cypress, montezuma cypress, Mexican bald cypress, North America and Mexico, near lakes, strong wood, Taxodiaceae
Taxodium distichum, bald cypress, swamp cypress, Cupressaceae
Taxodium mucronatum, Mexican bald cypress, Cupressaceae
Taxus baccata, yew tree, English yew, churchyard tree, Japanese yew, slow growing, long-lived, needle-like leaves, used for hedges, long-bows, poisonous leaves, (drug taxol), [cut stem, use ink to show transpiration stream, taxine alkaloid], Taxaceae
Taxus brevifolia, Pacific yew , [taxol, paclitaxel is reputed anticancer drug], Taxaceae
Tetraclinis, Cupressaceae
Thuja arbor-vitae, (Biota), red cedar, white cedar, north-eastern Asia and North America, scented foliage, straight trunks
valuable timber, Cupressaceae
Thuja occidentalis, northern white cedar, white cedar, eastern white cedar, American arborvine, thuja, swamp cedar, [cedar leaf oil], Cupressaceae
Thuja orientalls, (Biota orientalis), Chinese or Japanese cedar, Cupressaceae
Thuja plicata, Western red cedar, western arborvitae, Washington cedar, Cupressaceae
Thujopsis dolobrata, hiba, Cupressaceae
Thujopsis dolobrata var. dolobrata, azuriaro, Cupressaceae
Thujopsis dolobrata, var. hondae, hinoki-asunaro, Cupressaceae
Torreya taxifolia, California nutmeg, naya Japan, spiny pointed leaves, male and female organs on separate trees, height to 21 m, Taxaceae
Tsuga canadensis, (Pinus canadensis, Abies canadensis), eastern hemlock, common hemlock, Canadian hemlock, Chinese hemlock , [garden tree, dwarf to 21 m, not poisonous, tannins, spruce oil], Pinaceae
Widdringtonia cupressoides, (W. dracomontana, W. whytei), mountain widdringtonia, mlange cedar, Cupressaceae
Wollemia nobilis, Wollemi pine, Araucariaceae, discovered Australia 1994, height to 36 m, now being extensively propagated

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7.0 Cycads, gymnosperm, (Cycadales), Phylum Cycadophyta, Cycas, Macrozamia
Burrawang palm, cardboard palm, sago palm, fern cycad, prickly cycad, (large palm-like with trunk covered with leaf bases),
Cycads have a multciliate sperm released in liquid the pollen tube the microspore, (pollen grain), to swim to the archegonium, (female sex organ), within the female prothallus, (gametophyte), formed by the megasporangium, (ovule),.
Bowenia, Byfield fern, cycad fern
Ceratozamia, Zamiaceae
Chigua, Zamiaceae
Cycas pectinata, sago palm , [not a true monocotyledon palm], fern palm, Australia, Madagascar, Pacific islands, Cycadaceae
Cycas revoluta, Japanese cycad , [most cultivated ornamental palm], Cycadaceae
Cycas rumphii, Paku laut, Cycadaceae
Cycas siamensis, Cycadaceae
Dioon, Zamiaceae
Encephalartos altensteini, Bread tree, prickly cycad, white-haired cycad, South Africa, [slow growing, long palm-like fronds, female cone like a pineapple], Zamiaceae
Encephalartos ferox, Zamiaceae
Encephalartos hildebrandtii, Zamiaceae
Encephalartos horridus, (Zamia horrida), ferocious spiny blue cycad, Zamiaceae
Encephalartos longifolius, Zamiaceae
Lepidozamia, Zamiaceae
Macrozamia, burrawang palm, not a true palm, fronds to 2.4 m long, pineapple-shaped male and female cones, large red seeds, Zamiaceae
Microcycas, Microcycas, Zamiaceae
Stangeria eriopsis
Zamia furfuracea, cardboard palm, coontie, container plant, [male cones and female cones on different plants], Zamiaceae
Zamia pumila, Sago ncycad, coontie, Zamiaceae

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8.0 Ginkgo, gymnosperm, maidenhair tree, (Ginkgoales), Phylum Ginkgophyta, Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo is deciduous, dioecious, (male and female trees), reaches 24 m in height and produces a multiciliate sperm. It has a main trunk with lateral branches and leaves like maidenhair ferns. It occurs naturally in Northern China and is the only species of the order Gingoales.
Ginkgo biloba, ginkgo, maidenhair tree, is only survivor of the order Ginkgoales in Permian period. herbal remedy, edible fruit, Ginkgoaceae

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9.0 Gnetophytes, gymnosperm, (Gnetopsida, Gnetales), Phylum Gnetophyta
Ephedra sinaca, ephedra, Chinese ephedra, ma huang, joint fir, Americas, north Africa, temperate Asia, southern Europe, mass of stems, almost no leaves, male and female cones, ephedrine Chinese ma-huang, mormon tea, dangerous dietary supplement, illegal manufacture of methamphetamine, herbal remedy, Ephedraceae
Ephedra bronchodilator, ephedra, [pseudoephedrine, isomer of ephedrine alkaloid], Ephedraceae
Ephedra sinica, (E. coryi), ma huang, Chinese ephedra, ephedra, mormon tea, [ephedrine alkaloid], herbal remedy, Ephedraceae
Gnetum gnemon, Meninjau, Gnetaceae
Welwitschia mirabilis, Namibia deserts short hollow stem with two strap-like leaves, slow growing, male and female cones, Welwitschiaceae

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