Diversity

School Science Lessons
Diversity
2012-05-12 SPwp
Please send comments to: J.Elfick@uq.edu.au

1.0.0 Algae, (macro-algae), (seaweed, waterweeds)
1.1.0 Archaea, Archaebacteria
1.2.0 Bacteria classified by phylum
41.0 Classification of the common bean species
1.3.0 Eucaryota, Eukaryota
9.207 Fungi classification
7.01 Kingdom Chromista
1.0.1 Kingdom Protista
2.0.0 Kingdom Animalia, (animals)
9.4.0 Levels of organization, Biosphere to atomic particle
9.208 Lichens, Ascomycota
9.0.3 Phylum Heterokontophyta
42.0 Phylogenetic classification
40.0 Taxons

1.0.0 Algae classification
9.0.1 Phylum Cyanophyta, blue-green algae
9.0.2 Phylum Chlorophyta, green algae
9.0.3 Phylum Heterokontophyta, (protist)
9.0.14 Phylum Rhodophyta, red algae (protist)
1.0 Class Bacillariophyceae, (Diatomophyceae) (Phylum Bacillariophyta), diatoms
2.0 Class Chrysophyceae, (Phylum Chrysophyta), golden-brown algae Ochromonas, Dinobryon,
Chrysamoeba
9.0.5 Phylum Cryptophyta, (Cryptomonads)
9.0.6 Phylum Dinoflagellata, Phylum Dinophyta, (Dinoflagellates)
9.0.9 Phylum Euglenozoa. Phylum Euglenophyta, (Euglenoids), Euglena
9.0.15 Phylum Glaucophyta
7.0 Class Phaeophyceae, Phylum Phaeophyta, brown algae, rock weed, kelps Macrocystis, Sargassum
3.0 Class Xanthophyceae yellow-green algae, Phylum Tribophyta, xanthophyceae, (xanthophytes)
9.0.4 Phylum Haptophyta. Prymnesiophyta (Haptophytes)
8.0 Class Raphidophyceae

1.0.1 Kingdom Protista (Kingdom Protoctista), protists
A protista has such simple cellular organism that it is not classified as a plant, animal or fungus. Most are
unicellular with some multicellular algae without specialist tissues, and live in water or water soil or are
parasitic. All have a nucleus so are eukaryotic. May be heterotrophic or autotrophic, i.e. chemotrophic or
phototrophic.
Classification by means of movement
1. Ciliates have cilia
2. Sarcodines have extension of cytoplasm as pseudopodia
3. Sporozoans do not move
4. Zooflagellates have flagella

Protists
9.0.20 Phylum Acrasiomycota
9.0.11 Phylum Actinopoda
9.0.16 Phylum Amoebozoa
9.0.7 Phylum Apicomplexa
9.0.13 Phylum Cercozoa
9.0.18 Phylum Choanozoa
9.0.8 Phylum Ciliophora
9.0.5 Phylum Cryptophyta, (Cryptomonads)
9.0.9 Phylum Euglenozoa, Phylum Euglenophyta, (Euglenoids)
9.0.6 Phylum Dinoflagellata, Phylum Dinophyta, (Dinoflagellates)
9.0.12 Phylum Foraminifera
9.0.15 Phylum Glaucophyta
9.0.4 Phylum Haptophyta, Prymnesiophyta, (Haptophytes)
9.0.19 Phylum Metamonada
9.0.17 Phylum Myxomycota
9.0.10 Phylum Percolozoa
9.0.21 Phylum Prasinophyta

9.0.3 Phylum Heterokontophyta, [Some Classes or species also classified in Kingdom Chromista]
1.0 Class Bacillariophyceae, (Diatomophyceae) (Phylum Bacillariophyta), diatoms
3.43.10 Phylum Cercozoa, amoeboids and flagellates, "slime mould"
Plasmodiophora brassicae club root fungus of crucifers, e.g. swede
2.0 Class Chrysophyceae, (Phylum Chrysophyta), golden-brown algae Ochromonas, Dinobryon,
Chrysamoeba
12.0 Class Chytridiomycetes (Phylum Chytridiomycota) chytrids, zoosporic fungi, aquatic fungi
4.0 Class Dictyochophyceae, Actinochrysophyceae, Silicoflagellates, Dictyocha
5.0 Class Eustigmatophyceae, Nannochloropsis
3.43.09 Phylum Glomeromycota, Glomerales, mycorrhizal associations, arbuscular (lives inside plant
cells), mutualistic
5a.0 Class Hyphochytridiomycetes (Phylum Hypochytridiomycota), zoospores with just one anterior
flagellum
3.43.05 Class Mycetozoa (Phylum Myxomycota) Myxomycetes (acellular or plasmodial or coenocytic
slime moulds) the unit is a plasmodium, slime fungus, fungus-like slime moulds, the Class contains many
micro-organisms but most are not fungi, also giant kelps, Stemonitis, Physarum polycephalum
7.0 Class Phaeophyceae, Phylum phaeophyta
8.0 Class Raphidophyceae, red tides
11.0 Class Oomycetes (Phylum Oomycota), [Also classified in Kingdom Chromista], water moulds,
rusts, egg "fungi", not a fungus but similar to brown algae. The zoospores have two cilia.
10.0 Class Opalinea, Opalina in frogs, Protoopalina
3.0 Class Xanthophyceae yellow-green algae, Phylum Tribophyta, xanthophyceae, (xanthophytes)

1.0.0 Algae classification
The term "algae" is still used but it is not so popular nowadays. Classify most of the types of algae within
the Protista because they are largely single-celled organisms, diatoms, chrysophytes, or if multicellular they
show little differentiation of cell types. Blue-green algae are now called cyanobacteria. They are
prokaryotic and are really a form of bacteria that happens to contain chlorophyll and is thus
photosynthetic. Being photosynthetic no longer determines whether you classify an organism as a plant.
The following may be classified as "photosynthetic protists":

1.0 Class Bacillariophyceae, (Diatomophyceae) (Phylum Bacillariophyta), diatoms, plankton,
diatomaceous earth, silica shells, photosynthesis. Diatoms are unicellular microscopic with a silica wall and
occurs as plankton and fossil forms, e.g. diatomaceous earth. The word diatom means cut in two. Occur
as single cells, colonies or filaments, Yellow to light brown colour. Cell wall consists of of overlapping
silica cells, each like a petri dish.
Odontella, marine diatom
Melosira, radial symmetry
Navicula, boat-shaped
Pinnularia, bilateral symmetry
Didymosphenia geminata, didymo, rock snot

2.0 Class Chrysophyceae, (Phylum Chrysophyta), golden-brown algae
Single cells, colonies, filaments yellow, golden-brown. Motile cells with two unequal anterior flagella.
Ochromonas, Dinobryon, Chrysamoeba

3.0 Phylum Tribophyta, yellow-green algae, xanthophyceae, xanthophytes
The single cells or filaments green or yellow-green. Motile cells with two unequal anterior flagella.
9.41.1 Vaucheria

7.0 Class Phaeophyceae (Phaeophyta), brown algae, rock weed, kelps, brown algae, rock weed,
kelps
Almost entirely marine. Filaments brownish or yellow-brown. Motile cells with two unequal anterior
flagella. Alginates (alginic acid, algin) from brown algae, kelp, Macrocystis and Nereocystis, are used to
thicken ice cream. Examine filaments under low power, then examine a cell in detail under high power.
Look also for oogonia and antheridia. Examine a prepared slide showing dwarf males
Chondrus crispus herbal remedy, Irish "moss", red algae, carrageenan, carragheen
Cutleria multifida, has 48 chromosomes
Dictyota dichotoma, doubling weed, brown algae
Ectocarpus, leather kelp
Laminaria, kelp, olive-brown kelp, Japanese kombu, kunbu, alginates, algin
Laminaria japonica, formerly the source of MSG, monosodium glutamate
Macrocystis, kelp, bull kelp, giant kelp, alginates, algin
Nereocystis, giant kelp
Padina, Physarum, slime mould
Phytophthora infestans, blight fungus, potato blight, dieback, root rot, cocoa black pod
Sargassum, large brown seaweed with separate floats to stay near the surface
Undaria pinnatifida, wakame, miyeok, edible seaweed, very invasive, Alariaceae
9.40.1 Ecklonia, Sargassum
9.40.2 Hormosira, Cladophora, Dictyota
9.9.6 Fucus

7.01 Kingdom Chromista, (Kingdom Stramenopiles), Heterokontophyta, heterokonts, haptophytes,
cryptomonads, fungi?
Chromista have tinsel-type flagella with brush-like extensions
7.0 Division Oomycota, (oomycetes), biflagellate zoospores, one anterior and one posterior flagellum
7.1 Diatoms, SiO₂ in cell walls, Synedra, Navicula
7.2 Ectocarpus silucosis, filamentous brown alga
7.3 Fucus spiralis, large brown alga with air bladders
7.4 Water moulds, saprophytic in wet soils, downy mildew plant parasites, Phytophthora infestans
parasite of potato, Phytophthora cinnamomi, cinnamon fungus cause dieback in forests
7.5 Division Hypochytriomycota, one anterior flagellum, chytrids, Allomyces arbuscula

8.0 Class Raphidophyceae, (raphidophyte)
Similar to Phylum Tribophyta but with a distinctive internal cell structure. All unicellular with no cell walls.
No eyespot. Marine species cause non-toxic algal blooms, Gonyostomum.

9.0.1 Phylum Cyanophyta, blue-green algae, (Phylum Cyanidophyta, Cyanobacteria, Cyanophyceae),
blue-green, grey-green, violet, brown, purplish or red, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin
Single cells, colonies and more complex structures blue-green, brown, olive-green. No membrane-bound
organelles in cells so no nucleus defined by a membrane and photosynthetic pigments dispersed and no
chloroplasts. Sexual reproduction and motile cells not yet observed.
[Also, similar to Cyanobacteria are marine and freshwater prochlorophyta genera, phytoplankton that
cause algal blooms, Synechoccus, Prochloron, Prochlorococcus, Prochlorothrix,]
Anabaena azollae can fix atmospheric nitrogen and lives in leaf cavities of the floating fern, Azolla, an
important source of nitrogen fertilizer for the rice industry in Vietnam and China.
Mastigocladus laminosus, a thermophilic cyanobacterium, lives in hot springs.
Nostoc, nitrogen-fixing in leaf cavities of the liverwort Anthoceros and in the roots of Cycas.
Spirulina maxima, Spirulina platensis, nitrogen-fixing in leaf cavities of floating fern, edible nutritious
algae used as a food and health drink.
Stigonema, has microscopic connections between cells
Gloeocapsa, Gloeotrichia, Merismopedia, Oscillatoria, Rivularia

9.0.2 Phylum Chlorophyta, green algae, (Chlorophyceae), include stoneworts, have green
chloroplasts, single cells, colonies and filaments have grass-green colour. Motile cells have 2 to 4 equal
length anterior flagella.
Chlorella, Nitella, Scenedesmus, Trebouxia, Ulva, Vaucheria
Asparagopsis taxiformis produce great quantities of organohalides and the "smell" of the sea
Caulerpa taxifolia, aquariums, kills fish, invasive, "killer algae". inedible to fish, Indian Ocean,
Caulerpaceae
Chara group (stoneworts) (Charophyceae) submerged aquatic plants, e.g. Nitella
The musk grass Chara has a musky, earthy odour and looks like a higher plant.
Pleodorina produce aquatic, algal blooms
9.39.1 Chlamydomonas, Sphaerella, (Haematococcus)
9.39.5 Closterium, desmid
9.39.2 Pleurococcus, (Protococcus)
9.39.3 Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Zygnema
9.39.4 Volvox, Eudorina, Gonium, Pandorina
See diagram 9.39.1 Filamentous algae, Cladophora, Nostoc, Oedogonium, Oscillatoria, Spirogyra,
Ulothrix, Zygnema
See diagram 9.41.1: Chloroplasts of Spirogyra and Ulothrix

9.0.4 Phylum Haptophyta, Prymnesiophyta (Haptophytes), golden or yellow-brown cells, marine
plankton, fucoxanthin pigment, unicellular flagellates, chrysolaminarin, causes algal blooms on marine
beaches
Single cells, colonies or filaments are golden-brown. Motile cells with two almost equal flagella and a
thread-like organelle between them, called the haptonema, Emiliania

9.0.5 Phylum Cryptophyta, Class Cryptophyceae, (cryptomonad), (have mechanical escape "spring"),
algae. Single cells are red, blue-green, olive-brown. Motile cells with two unequal flagella, Cryptomonas

9.0.6 Phylum Dinoflagellata, (Phylum Dinophyta, Phylum Pyrrophyta), Also: Eukaryota, Phylum
Dinoflagellata], dinoflagellates, marine and freshwater plankton, brown cells, biflagellate, single cells brown
or brow- green. Motile cells with prominent transverse furrow containing two flagella. One flagellum
encircles the cell transversely, the other extends out from the cell..
Gymnodinium (naked dinoflagellate), Noctiluca scintillans. Ceratium polysaccharide wall has
horn-like shapes. Harmful algal blooms, (red tides), caused by Karenis brevis and Alexandrium.
Ciguatera disease caused by eating reef fish infected by Gambeirdiscus toxicus

9.0.7 Phylum Apicomplexa, sporozoans
Babesia causes Babesiosis, Plasmodium vivax causes Malaria, Cryptosporidium in drinking water
causes Cryptosporidiosis, Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis

9.0.8 Phylum Ciliophora, ciliates, (have cilia)
Paramecium, Vorticella, Colpoda, Tetrahymena, Balantidium
See diagram 9.3.35

9.0.9 Phylum Euglenozoa, (Phylum Sarcomastigophora, Phylum Euglenophyta), Euglenoidea,
(Euglenoids), freshwater, marine and parasitic, light-sensitive, one or two flagella, single cells green or
colourless with red "eyespot". Motile cells two flagella in a "gullet" at anterior end, one shorter, flagella
often non-emergent.
See diagram 9.38: Euglena, (two flagella)
See 4.3.9: Prepare Euglena culture
Peranema, Phacus, Trachelomonas
Trypanosoma brucei causes African sleeping sickness (Trypanosomiasis)
Trypanosoma cruzi parasitic, causes Chagas disease in South America
Leishmania causes leishmaniasis,
Giardia lamblia causes diarrhoea, dehydration.

9.0.10 Phylum Percolozoa, colourless protozoa
Naegleria fowleri is a parasite of human nervous system and causes encephalitis.
9.0.11 Phylum Actinopoda, radiolarians, plankton, shells form geologic beds
Acanthometra
9.0.12 Phylum Foraminifera, calcium carbonate shell and sends out many fine strands of cytoplasm,
component of limestone, shell form limestone rocks, e.g. White cliffs of Dover, England
Notodendrodes, Elphidium, Globigerinoides
9.0.13 Phylum Cercozoa, amoeboids and flagellates, (amoeba with silica shell)
Euglypha, Trinema, cabbage club root fungus Plasmodiophora

9.0.14 Phylum Rhodophyta, red algae, coral algae, (Rhodophyceae), mainly marine. The single cells,
filaments or more complexly structured algae are red, brown, olive-green, grass-green. No motile cells.
Complex sexual reproduction. Used to make agar, dulse, nori, carrageenan, seaweed, red cells,
phycocyanin and phycoerythrin in chloroplasts.
Ceratium colours the upper ocean red.
Chondrus, Gigartina, Irish "moss", carrageenan
Compsopogon and others have microscopic connections between vegetative cells.
Corallina, Gelidium, kelp, agar
Gigartina atropurpurea, giant marine kelp
Gracilaria, kelp, agar
Gymnodinium causes red tide (algal bloom)
Lithothamnium, Rhodolith, corraline red algae
Nemalion, Palmaria palmata Asian food
Noctiluca causes bioluminescence.
Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Porphyia, "nori" Japanese food
Rhodolith, zooxanthellae in corals, [Dinoflagellates, Phyrrhophyta, dinophyta (plankton)]

9.0.15 Phylum Glaucophyta, microscopic primitive algae,
Blue-green single cells or colonies with pigments in symbiotic blue-green algal cells not chloroplasts.
Motile cells dorsiventrally symmetrical with two lateral flagella. Cyanophora, Glaucocystis

9.0.16 Phylum Amoebozoa, (Phylum Rhizopoda)
Amoeba, Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis) blood in stools and peritonitis,
(Entamoeba has no mitochondria.), (Acanthamoeba, and Balamuthia mandrillaris cause encephalitis)
See diagram 9.3.35

9.0.17 Phylum Myxomycota, Class Mycetozoa Myxomycetes, (acellular or plasmodial or coenocytic
slime moulds), unit is a plasmodium, the unit is a plasmodium, slime fungus, fungus-like slime moulds, the
Class contains many micro-organisms but most are not fungi, also giant kelps, Stemonitis, Physarum
polycephalum

9.0.18 Phylum Choanozoa, single rear flagellum surrounded by a collar, mainly sessile or colonial,
related to animals?
Capsaspora, Ministeria, Proterospongia

9.0.19 Phylum Metamonada, flagellate, have no mitochondria
Giardia lamblia causes "beaver fever", in termite guts assists breakdown of cellulose, Trichomonas
vaginalis causes trichomoniasis, Trimastix pyriformis is free-living, has four flagella and consumes
bacteria.

9.0.20 Phylum Acrasiomycota, Kingdom Discicristates, Family Acrasiomycetes, (cellular slime
moulds), cause powdery scab on potatoes
Formerly it was thought to be a fungus hence the "mycota". Guttulinopsis, Pocheina

9.0.21 Phylum Prasinophyta, green chloroplasts, unicellular flagellates, starch or mannitol, aquatic,
usually dark green unicells.
Monomastix, Nephroselmis, Pedinomonas, Pycnococcus, Pyramimonas

2.0.0 Kingdom Animalia, (animals)
Phylum
Eumetazoa, (metazoans)
Bilateria, (bilaterally symmetrical animals)
Phylum Orthonectida, (orthonectids)
Phylum Rhombozoa, (rhombozoans)
Phylum Cycliophora (deuterostomes)

Deuterostomia
18.0 Phylum Chordata, (chordates)
19.0 Phylum Hemichordata, (hemichordates)
17.0 Phylum Echinodermata, (echinoderms)

18.0 Phylum Chordata, (chordates)
20.0 Subphylum Urochordata, (sea squirts, tunicates)
21.0 Subphylum Vertebrata, (vertebrates)
30.0 Subclass Dipnoi, (lungfishes)
32.0 Amphibia, (amphibians)
34.0 Reptilia, (reptiles)
36.0 Aves, (birds)
39.0 Class Mammalia, (mammals)
Phylum Gnathostornulida, (gnathostomulids)
Protostomnia, (protostomes)

Superphylum Lophotrochozoa
Phylum Chaetognatha, (chaetognaths, arrow worms)
Phylum Entoprocta, (entoprocts)
Phylum Gastrotricha, (gastrotrichs)
Lophophorates, (lophophorates)
Phylum Brachiopoda, (brachiopods, lamp shells)
Phylum Bryozoa, (bryozoans, ectoprocts, moss animals)
Phylum Phoronida, (phoronids)
Phylum Nemertea, (proboscis worms), (Nemertea have trochophore larvae)
Phylum Rotifera, (rotifers)
9.35 Rotifers, Succession in a pond community, hay infusion cultures

Trochozoa (molluscs, annelids, Sipuncula)
8.0 Phylum Annelida, (segmented worms, ringed worms)
15.0 Phylum Mollusca, (molluscs)
6.0 Phylum Platyhelminthes, (flatworms)

Superphylum Ecdysozoa
Phylum Kinorhyncha, (kinorhynchs)
Phylum Locifera, (lociferans)
Phylum Priapulida, (priapulids, priapulans)
7.0 Phylum Nematoda, (nematodes)
Phylum Nematomorpha, (nematomorphans, gordian worms, horsehair worms)

9.0 Phylum Arthropoda
9.1 Subphylum Crustacea, crustaceans, shrimps, crabs, lobsters, barnacles
12.0 Subphylum Myriapoda, myriapods, (millipedes, centipedes)
13.0 Subphylum Hexapoda, Class Insecta, (insects)
14.0 Subphylum Chelicerata, Class Arachnida, (arachnids, spiders, scorpions)

Phylum Lobopoda
Phylum Tardigrada, (tardigrades) (Phylum Arachnida, Order Tardigrada)
Phylum Onychophora, (velvet worms, Peripatus)

Radiata
5.0 Phylum Coelenterata, (Phylum Ctenophora, comb jellies, Phylum Cnidaria, jellyfish, sea anemones)
Phylum Ctenophora, (comb jellies) (Phylum Coelenterata, Subphylum Ctenophora)
Phylum Cnidaria, (cnidarians, marine, jelly fish-like, sea nettles, Chrysaora fuscescens)
Phylum Myxozoa, (ciliated protozoans) (Phylum Protozoa, Class Ciliophora)
Phylum Placozoa, Trichoplax adhaerens, (the most primitive invertebrate, only a single species in this
phylum)
Parazoa
3.0 Phylum Porifera, (sponges)

3.0 Phylum Porifera, (sponges)
Class Calcarea
Class Demospongiae
Class Hexactinellida

6.0 Phylum Platyhelminthes, (flatworms)
Class Cestoda, (tapeworms)
Class Trematoda, (flukes)
Order Echinostomida
Suborder Echinostomata
Family Fasciolidae
Fasciola hepatica, (common liver fluke)
Order Strigeatida
Family Schistosomatidae
Schistosoma japonicum, (bilharzia infection)
Class Turbellaria, (planarians)
Order Acoela
Order Catenulida
Order Lecithoepitheliata
Order Macrostomida
Order Neorhabdocoela
Order Polycladida, (polyclads)
Order Prolecithophora
Order Proseriata
Order Tricladida, (triclads)

7.0 Phylum Nematoda, (nematodes)
Class Secernentea
Subclass Chromadoria
Order Araeolaimida
Order Desmodorida
Order Desmoscolecida
Order Monhysterida
Subclass Enoplia
Order Dorylaimida
Order Enoplida
Order Mermithida
Order Muspiceida
Order Trichocephalida
Order Aphelenchida
Order Ascaridida
Family Ascarididae
Ascaris lumbricoides, (human intestinal roundworm)
Order Camallanida
Order Diplogasterida
Order Rhabdiasida
Order Rhabditida
Order Spirurida
Order Strongylida
Order Tylenchida

8.0 Phylum Annelida, (ringed worms, segmented worms)
Class Polychaeta, bristle worms, polychaetes, (paddle-footed annelids, usually marine swimming worms),
Nereis ragworm
Class Polychaeta, Sipuncula, (sipunculan worms, peanut worms) (Phylum Sipuncula), Sipunculus,
Phascolosoma
Class Polychaeta, Echiura, spoon worms, burrow worms, echiuran worms, (marine), Bonellia green
spoonworm
Class Oligochaeta, earthworms, angleworms, Lumbricus common earthworm, Allolobophora green
worm, Eisenia red wiggler worms
Class Hirudinea (leeches), Hirudo medical leech
Class Pogonophora, (beard worms), Riftia giant tube worm

9.1 Crustaceans
Phylum Arthropoda, (crustaceans, insects, spiders)
Subphylum Crustacea, (crustaceans)
Class Malacostraca, (crabs, krill, pill bugs, shrimp)
Class Maxillopoda
Class Branchiopoda, (branchiopods)
Subclass Phyllopoda
Superorder Diplostraca
Order Anostraca
Family Artemiidae
Artemia salina (brine shrimp) in inland salt water lakes
i Artemia nyos ("Sea-monkey", sold commercially to amuse children)
Order Cladocera, (water fleas)
Infraorder Anomopoda
Family Daphniidae
Daphnia pulex
Class Cephalocarida
Subclass Branchiura
Subclass Cirripedia, (barnacles)
Class Ostracoda, (ostracods)
Class Remipedia
Uniramia
Subphylum Hexapoda
Order Diplura, (diplurans, no common name)
Order Protura, (proturans, no common name)

12.0 Myriapods
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Myriapoda
Class Chilopoda, (centipedes)
Class Diplopoda, (millipedes)
Class Pauropoda, (pauropods, pauropodans, progoneates)
Class Symphyla, (pseudocentipedes, symphylans)

13.0 Class Insecta, (insects)
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Hexaopda
Class Insecta
Subclass Pterygota, (winged insects)
Order Ephemeroptera, (mayflies)
Superorder Neoptera
Order Anoplura, (sucking lice)
Order Hemiptera, (true bugs, plant bugs, cicadas, psyllids, lerps, aphids, scale insects, lac insects, mealy
bugs, bed bugs, back swimmers, water boatmen, water scorpions, whiteflies, greenflies)
Holometabola
Order Coleoptera, (beetles)
Order Diptera, (true flies, two-winged flies, bee flies, blow flies, blue bottles, bot flies, crane flies, daddy
long legs, fruit flies, gall midges, gnats, green bottles, house flies, hover flies, midges, moth flies, sand flies,
tsetse flies, vinegar flies)
Suborder Brachycera, (circular-seamed flies, muscoid flies, short-horned flies)
Infraorder Muscomorpha
Family Drosophilidae, (pomace flies, small fruit flies, vinegar flies)
Subfamily Drosophilinae
Drosophila melanogaster, (common fruit fly)
Suborder Nematocera, (long-horned flies)
Infraorder Culicomorpha
Family Culicidae, (mosquitoes)
Subfamily Anophelinae
Anopheles gambiae, (South American mosquito)
Subfamily Culicinae
Tribe Culicini
Culex tarsalis, (North American mosquito)
Order Hymenoptera, (ants, bees, wasps, horntails, sawflies, braconids, gall wasps, fairy flies, mud daubers,
social bees and solitary bees)
Suborder Apocrita, (ants, bees, narrow-waisted hymenopterans, true wasps)
Superfamily Scolioidea, (ants, parasitic wasps)
Family Formicidae, (ants)
Subfamily Myrmicinae
Tribe Attini
Atta cephalotes leaf cutter ants
Order Lepidoptera, (butterflies, moths)
Order Mecoptera, (scorpion flies)
Order Megaloptera, (alder flies, dobson flies, fish flies)
Order Neuroptera, (lacewings, ant lions, snake flies, spongilla flies)
Order Siphonaptera, (Siphunculata), (fleas, sucking lice, lice)
Order Strepsiptera, (parasitic insects, twisted-winged parasites, stylops)
Order Trichoptera, (caddis flies)
Order Mallophaga, (biting lice, bird lice)
Order Psocoptera, (psocids, book lice)
Order Thysanoptera, (thrips)
Order Orthoptera, [(grasshoppers, locusts, katydids (bush crickets, Tettigoniidae), crickets (Gryllidae),
wetas, cave crickets, stick insects, mantids]
Order Blattaria, (Order Blattodea), (cockroaches)
Order Dermaptera, (earwigs)
Order Embioptera, (embiopterons, webspinners)
Order Grylloblattodea, (grylloblattids)
Order Isoptera, (termites, white ants)
Order Mantodea, (mantids, praying mantis)
Order Mantophasmatodea, (gladiators)
Order Plecoptera, (stoneflies)
Order Zoraptera, (zorapterans)
Order Odonata, (dragonflies, damsel flies)
Order Phasmatoptera, (Order Phasmida), (stick insects, leaf insects, phasmids, walking sticks)
Order Thysanura, (bristletails, silverfish)
Subclass Archaeognatha
Order Collembola, (springtails)

14.0 Class Arachnida, (arachnids, spiders, scorpions)
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Chelicerata
Class Arachnida
Order Acari
Order Parasitiformes, (mites, ticks)
Suborder Astigmata
Family Sarcoptidae
Sarcoptes scabiei, (human ectoparasite)
Class Merostomata,
Order Xiphosura, (horseshoe crabs)
Class Pycnogonida, (sea spiders)

15.0 Phylum Mollusca, (molluscs)
Class Scaphopoda, (tusk shells)
Order Dentaliida
Order Gadilida
Class Cephalopoda, (octopuses, squids)
Order Sepiida
Order Sepiolida
Order Spirulida
Order Teuthida
Order Octopoda
Order Vampyromorpha
Subclass Nautiloidea
Order Nautilida

17.0 Phylum Echinodermata, (echinoderms)
Class Echinoidea, (heart urchins, sand dollars, sea urchins)
Class Holothuroidea, (sea cucumbers)
Subclass Ophiuroidea, (basket stars, brittle stars, snake stars)
Subclass Asteroidea, (sea stars, starfishes)
Class Stelleroidea, (star fishes)
Class Crinoidea, (feather stars, sea lilies)

18.0 Phylum Chordata, (chordates)
Class Cephalochordata, (lancelets)
Craniata, (craniates)
Myxini, (hagfishes)
Class Pteraspidomorphi, (pteraspidomorphs)

20.0 Subphylum Urochordata, (sea squirts, tunicates)
Class Appendicularia, (pelagic tunicates)
Class Ascidiacea, (ascidians, sessile tunicates)
Class Thaliacea, (pelagic tunicates)

21.0 Subphylum Vertebrata, (vertebrates)
21.0 Subphylum Vertebrata, (vertebrates)
24.0 Class Agnatha, Petromyzontida, jawless fish, lampreys
Superclass Gnathostomata, (jawed vertebrates)
25.0 Class Chondrichthyes, (sharks, dogfish, stingrays, rays, cartilaginous fish, elasmobranchs )
26.0 Class Osteichthyes, bony fish, (Class Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish)
28.0 Class Sarcopterygii (Crossopterygii), (lobe-finned fish, Coelacanth)
30.0 Subclass Dipnoi, (lungfishes)
32.0 Class Amphibia, (amphibians)
34.0 Class Reptilia, (reptiles)
36.0 Class Aves, (birds)
39.0 Class Mammalia, (mammals)

30.0 Subclass Dipnoi, (lungfishes)
Order Ceratodontiformes, (Australian lungfish)
Order Lepidosireniformes
Actinistia
Order Coelacanthiformes, (coelacanths)

32.0 Class Amphibia, (amphibians)
Subclass Lissamphibia, (amphibians)
Order Caudata, (salamanders)
Order Gymnophiona, (caecilians)
Superorder Salientia, (frogs, toads)
Order Anura, (frogs, toads)

34.0 Class Reptilia, (reptiles)
Anapsida, (tortoises, turtles)
Order Testudines, (tortoises, turtles)
Order Crocodilia, (caimans, crocodiles)
Lepidosauria, (amphisbaenia, lizards, snakes, tuataras)
Order Rhynchocephalia, (tuataras)
Order Squamata, (amphisbaenia, lizards, snakes)

Turtles in Australia, based on "A complete guide to turtles in Australia", by Steve Wilson and Gerry Swan
Crocodiles Genus Crocodylus
Freshwater crocodile, Johnstone’s crocodile
C. johnstoni
Estuarine crocodile, saltwater crocodile
C. porosus
Turtles
1. Hard-shelled sea turtles
Family Cheloniidae
Loggerhead turtle Carella caretta, Pacific Ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea,
Flat back turtle Natator depressus
2. Leathery sea turtle Family Dermochelyidae
Leathery turtle Dermochelys coriacea
3. Side-necked freshwater turtles
Family Cheluidae
Long-necked turtles Genus Chelodina
Snapping turtles Genus Elseya, Southern snapping turtle Elseya albagula,
Mary River turtle Elusor macrurus
Snake-necked turtle Chelodina longicollis
Genus Emdura
Genus Pseudoemdura
Genus Rheodyte
Helmeted turtles Genus Wollumbinia
In Australia freshwater water turtles are popularly known as “tortoises", but in other countries tortoises
are domed–shaped terrestrial reptiles.
4. Pig-nosed turtle Family Carettochelydidae, Carettochelys insculpa
5. Red-eared slider Family Emdidae, Genus Trachemys, Red-eared slider Trachemys scripta elegans,
the most common “pet turtle”
Geckos
Asian house gecko Hemidactylus frenatus, "the chuck chuck"
Flap-footed lizards, "legless lizards", Family Pygopodidae
Worm lizards Genus Aprasia
Skinks Family Scincidae
Blue tongued lizards Genus Tiliqua, Eastern Blue tongue lizard Tiliqua scincoides
Dragons Family Agamidae
Bicycle lizards
Genus Amphibolurus
Genus Ctenophorus, C. cristatus crested dragon bicycle lizard, it runs on hind limbs
Genus Moloc, M. horridus, it has thorn-like spines and eats ants
Genus Pogona bearded dragons Monitors, goannas
Family Varanidae, Genus Varanus, Australian lace monitor V. varius, it uses termites nests to hatch eggs
Blind snakes Family Typhlopidae
Insectivorus
Genus Ramphotyphlops, Flowerpot snake R. braminus
Pythons Family Pythonidae, diamond and carpet pythons Morelia spilota
Reticulated python Python reticulatus, at 10 metres it is the world's largest snake
File snakes Family Acrochordidae, Genus Acrochordus, venomous water snakes
Colubrid snakes Family Colubridae
Mangrove and freshwater snakes Family Homalopsidae
Gens Cerberus
Venomous aquatic snakes
Venomous land snakes Family Elapidae
Venomous front fanged snakes, 99 described species
Death adders Genus Acanthophis, A antarcticus, common death adder
Copperheads Genus Astrelaps
Shovel-nosed Genus Brachyurophis
Crowned snakes Genus Cacophis
Whipsnakes Genus Demansia
Genus Denisonia, D maculate, ornamental snake, eats frogs
Genus Dysalia
Genus Notechis Tiger snake
Genus Oxyuranus Taipans
Genus Pseudechis Blacksnakes, P. papuanus Papuan black snake
Genus Pseudonaja brown snakes
Bandy bandys Genus Vermicella
Genus Aipysudrus sea snake
Sea snakes
Sea kraits

36.0 Class Aves, (birds)
Subclass Neognathae, (neognath birds)
Infraclass Galloanserae, (geese, ducks, quails, pheasants)
Order Anseriformes, (ducks, geese, swans)
Order Galliformes, (chicken-like birds)
Infraclass Neoaves, (modern birds)
Family Scopidae, (hamerkop)
Family Otididae, (bustards)
Family Aegothelidae, (owlet-frog mouths)
Order Caprimulgiformes, (nightbirds)
Order Apodiformes, (hummingbirds, swifts
Order Balaenicipitiformes, (shoebill or whale-headed stork)
Order Charadhiformes, (shorebirds, relatives)
Order Ciconiiformes, (storks, relatives)
Order Coffiformes, (mousebirds)
Order Columbiformes, (doves, pigeons)
Order Coraciiformes, (kingfishers, relatives)
Order Cuculiformes, (cuckoos, relatives)
Order Falconiformes, (diurnal birds of prey)
Order Galbuliformes
Order Gaviiformes, (loons)
Order Gruiformes, (coots, cranes, rails)
Order Mesitornithiformes, (mesites)
Order Musophagiformes, (turacos)
Order Opisthocomiformes, (hoatzin)
Order Passeriformes, (perching birds)
Order Pelecaniformes, (pelicans, tropic birds, cormorants)
Order Phoenicopteriformes, (flamingos)
Order Piciformes, (woodpeckers, relatives)
Order Podicipediformes, (grebes)
Order Procelladiformes, (tube-nosed seabirds)
Order Psittaciformes, (parrots)
Order Sphenisciformes, (penguins)
Order Strigiformes, (owls)
Order Trogoniformes, (trogons)
Order Turniciformes, (buttonquail)
Subclass Paleognathae, (paleognath birds)
Order Struthioniformes, (cassowaries, emus, kiwis, ostriches, rheas)
Order Tinamiformes, (tinamous)

39.0 Class Mammalia, (mammals)
Subclass Prototheria, (egg-laying mammals)
Order Monotremata, (monotremes)
Subclass Theria, (therian mammals)
Infraclass Eutheria, (placental mammals)
Order Afrosoricida, (tenrecs, golden moles)
Order Carnivora, (carnivores)
Superorder Cetartiodactyla, (cetaceans, artiodactyls)
Order Artiodactyla, (even-toed ungulates)
Order Cetacea, (dolphin, porpoise, whale)
Order Chiroptera, (bat)
Order Cingulata, (armadillo)
Order Dermoptera, (flying lemur)
Order Erinaceomorpha, (gymnures, hedgehog)
Order Hyracoidea, (hyrax)
Order Lagomorpha, (hare, pika, rabbit)
Order Macroscelidea, (elephant-shrew)
Order Perissodactyla, (horse, rhinoceros, tapir)
Order Pholidota, (pangolin)
Order Pilosa, (edentate)
Order Primates, (primate)
Order Proboscidea, (elephant)
Order Rodentia, (rodent)
Order Scandentia, (tree shrew)
Order Sirenia, (dugong, manatee, sea cow)
Order Soricomorpha, (insectivores)
Order Tubulidentata, (aardvark)
Infraclass Metatheria, (marsupial mammals)
Order Dasyuromorphia, (dasyuroid marsupials, marsupial carnivores)
Order Didelphimorphia, (American marsupials)
Order Diprotodontia, (kangaroo, possum, wallaby)
Order Microbiotheria, (monito del monte)
Order Notoryctemorphia, (marsupial mole)
Order Paucituberculata, (shrew opossum)
Order Peramelemorphia, (bandicoot, bilby)

40.0 Taxons
Taxons are based on the Linnean sequence, Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778, published in "Systema
Naturae" in 1735.
Kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista (Protoctista) Bacteria (Monera) Archaea (not is some
systems)
An animal species
Kingdom: Animalia, Animals
Phylum, Division: Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Lagomorpha
Family: Leporidae
Genus and species, binomial classification: Oryctolagus cuniculus, rabbit, European rabbit

41.0 Classification of the common bean species
Kingdom: Plantae, Plants, Subkingdom: Tracheobionta, Vascular plants, Superdivision: Spermatophyta,
Seed plants
Phylum, Division: Magnoliophyta, Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida, Dicotyledons, Subclass: Rosidae
Order: Fabales, also called Leguminales
Family: Fabaceae, also called Leguminosae, Pea family
Genus and species, binomial classification: Phaseolus vulgaris, common bean, kidney bean, French bean,
haricot bean, runner bean

42.0 Phylogenetic classification
1.0 Prokaryota, Prokaryotes have no cell nucleus, no mitosis, no meiosis
1.1.0 Archaea, Archaebacteria, live in hot acid environment, mostly anaerobic,
e.g. Methanococcus jannaschii lives in hydrothermal vents. Its genome has been sequenced.
Phylum Crenarchaeota
Phylum Euryarchaeota

1.2.0 Bacteria classified by phylum
Phylum Acidobacteria
Phylum Actinobacteria, Actinomycetes
Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis) Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)
Phylum Aquificae
Phylum Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides-Cytophaga-Flavobacterium
Phylum Chlamydiae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Phylum Chloroflexi
Phylum Chrysiogenetes
Phylum Cyanobacteria
Phylum Deferribacteres
Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus
Deinococcus radiodurans (tough, radiation-resistant bacterium)
Phylum Dictyoglomi
Phylum Fibrobacteres
Phylum Firmicutes
Phylum Fusobacteria
Phylum Gemmatimonadetes
Phylum Lentisphaerae
Phylum Nitrospira
Phylum Planctomycetes, Planctomyces
Phylum Proteobacteria
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Ralstonia solanacearum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli,
Rhizobium, Vibrio cholerae (cholera)
Helicobacter pylori (causes peptic ulcers) Haemophilus influenzae (Bacillus influenzae)
(first genome of a free-living organism)
Phylum Spirochaetes, (Spirochetes): 3.44.5
Leptospira, Treponema pallidum, Borrelia
Phylum Tenericutes
Phylum Thermodesulfobacteria
Phylum Thermomicrobia
Phylum Thermotogae
Phylum Verrucomicrobia
Class Mollicutes, mycoplasmas
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma genitalium (smallest genome of a free-living organism)

1.3.0 Eucaryota, Eukaryota
Eukaryotes have a cell nucleus and nuclear membrane, chromosomes, mitochondria, and golgi apparatus.
Plants, Plantae
Animals, Animalia
Fungi

1.3.1 Phylum Metamonada, Trichomonadida, trichomonads
Trichomonas vaginalis

1.3.2 Phylum Metamonada, Diplomonadida, diplomonads
Giardia lamblia

1.3.3 Phylum Amoebozoa
Entamoeba histolytica

1.3.4 Phylum Ciliophora, ciliate protozoa
Balantidium, Paramecium, Stentor, Stylonychia, Vorticella
Flagellate protozoa (formerly a class of phylum Mastigophora) now generally divided into phytoflagellates
that have chloroplasts and zooflagellates that do not have chloroplasts

1.3.5 Class Mycetozoa (Phylum Myxomycota) Myxomycetes (acellular or plasmodial or coenocytic
slime moulds)
giant kelps, Stemonitis, Physarum polycephalum

1.3.6 Class Oomycetes (Phylum Oomycota) water moulds, downy mildews, rusts,
Kingdom Chromista, Chromists
Albugo candida, (Cystopus), water mould, white rust
Aphanomyces raphani black root of radish
Bremia lactucae, downy mildew of lettuce
Peronospora cubensis downy mildew of cucurbits, e.g. cucumber
Peronospora destructor downy mildew of onion
Peronospora parasitica downy mildew of crucifers, e.g. cauliflower, cabbage
Phytophthora infestans causes potato blight
Phytophthora ramorum causes oak blight, downy mildews damage grapes
Aaprolegnia, Achyla, Ichthyophthirius, Saprolegnia, Phytophthera infestans, Plasmopara viticola,
Albugo candida (Cystopus), Monoblepharis, Peronospora, Physarum, Pythium

1.3.7 Class Hyphochytridiomycetes (Phylum Hypochytridiomycota) protist, (Kingdom Chromista),
zoospores with just one anterior flagellum
1.1.1 Protista, heterotrophic protists
1.1.2 Chromista
1.1.3 Heterokontophyta

1.3.8 Class Chytridiomycetes (Phylum Chytridiomycota), chytrids, Heterokontophyta

1.3.9 Phylum Glomeromycota, Glomerales, mycorrhizal associations, arbuscular, i.e. lives inside plant
cells, mutualistic

1.3.10 Phylum Cerozoa, amoeboids and flagellates, slime mould

1.3.11 Phylum Zygomycota, zygomycetes, phaecomycota, phycomycetes,
Class Microsporidia, Microsporum

9.208 Lichens, Ascomycota
A lichen is the symbiosis of a fungi and algae, i.e. partnership between two species for the benefit of each.
The photosynthetic algae partner in the lichen thallus is called a photobiont. Each type of lichen has a
characteristic shape.
1. Crustose lichens form a flattened thin crust on rocks, soil and tree bark, These encrusting forms which
spread over and into the surface of their habitat. They crumble if removed from the surface.
2. Foliose lichens are like leaves on rocks and tree bark, sometimes with a paper texture. The leafy lobes
spread out over the surface. They can be easily removed with a knife because they are attached to the
surface by root-like threads.
3. Fructicose lichens have upright stalks with many thread-like branches, sometimes with fruiting
structures at the ends. They have shrubby forms with many branches. They can be removed from the
surface by hand.
4. Squamulose lichens have a primary and secondary loosely-attached thallus.
The fungi are mainly Ascomycetes. Lichens may be nitrogen-fixing. Lichens are found in most places in the
world and are very susceptible to air pollution in the atmosphere. They may be damaged by sulfur dioxide
or other harmful gases, and may die. So lichens are sensitive plant detectors of air pollution.

Division Ascomycota, sac fungi (Lichens are usually classified by the species of fungus.)
Class Ascomycetes
Order Lecanorales
Family Parmeliaceae
Bryoria bicolor, horsehair lichen
Cavernularia lophyrea, pitted lichen
Cetrelia monachorum, giant shield lichen
Cornicularia normoerica, brittle lichen
Cetraria islandica, island cetraria lichen ("Iceland moss") is a lichen growing abundantly in the
mountainous regions of Europe. It has a bitter taste, and is used medicinally.
Evernia furfuraceae, ring lichen, tree moss, bush lichen, (fixative agent in eau de cologne)
Evernia divarcata, ring lichen
Evernia prunastri, ring lichen, oak moss
Hypogymnia austerodes, tube lichen, foliose lichen like a leaf Letharia vulpina, wolf lichen
Lobaria pulmonaria, lung lichen, lungwort, a nitrogen-fixing lichen
Menegazzia terebrata, honeycombed lichen
Parmelia cirrhata, (P. nepalensis), Indian moss, shield lichen
Parmelia saxatilis, foliose lichen
Parmeliopsis hyperopta, bran lichen
Peltigera canina, felt lichen, dog lichen, a nitrogen-fixing lichen and herbal medicine
Platismatia glauca, ragged lichen
Pseudephebe pubescens, black curly lichen
Pseudevernia cladonia, light and dark lichen
Family Acarosporaceae
Acarospora tilesii, cracked lichen, a crustose lichen that forms a thin crust
Family Alectoriaceae
Alectoria lata, witch's hair lichen
Family Bacidiaceae
Bacidia arceutina, dotted lichen
Family Cladoniaceae
Cladonia stricta, cup lichen, reindeer "moss", a squamulose, loosely attached thallus lichen with a
primary and a secondary thallus
Cladonia cornuta, horn lichen
Family Lecoraceae
Lecanora confusa, rim lichen
Family Physciaceae
Physcia crispa, rosette lichen
Family Roccellaceae
Rocella tinctoria, litmus acid/base indicator is extracted from it
Family Ramalinaceae
Ramalina fastigiata, Chinese moss
Ramalina fraxinea, cartilage lichen, "sac fungi"
Ramalina mensiesii, lace lichen, Spanish moss
Ramalina siliquoa, rock lichen
Ramalina subcomplanata, Indian "moss"
Family Usnaceae
Usnea barbata, tree moss, beard lichen
Usnea dimorpha, beard lichen
Usnea longissima, Methuselah's beard lichen (recent absence indicates air pollution)
Usnea lucea, haraphool
Usnea rubicunda, old man's beard, red beard lichen, tree lichen

1. Examine a specimen of a common lichen. Study a prepared slide showing a transverse section of the
thallus revealing the presence of alga and fungus. Look for the penetrating haustoria.
2. Attach 10 lichens on a board. Then put them in three places, e.g. near a factory, in the central city and
far from the factory. Observe any change in the lichens after one mouth. Count the percentage of
damaged lichens. Lichens indicators are used as indicators of air pollution and species diversity.