School Science Lessons
Chemistry index and minerals
Index O to P
Updated: 2009-11-14
Please send comments to: : J.Elfick@uq.edu.au
Table of contents
Index items 1,2,3
Index items A to B
Index items C
Index items D to H
Index items I to N
Index items O to P
Index items Q to S
Index items T to Z
Index items O to P
Table of contents
Octadecanoic acid, stearic acid
Octane, C8H18, n-octane, colourless, normal octane, HARMFUL, stable but HIGHLY FLAMMABLE
Octanoic acid, caprylic acid,
Octanol, C8H18O, CH3(CH2)7OH, 1-octanol, octyl alcohol, n-octyl alcohol, octan-1-ol, caprylic alcohol, stable but FLAMMABLE
Odour
Oil of cloves (for microscopy)
Oil of wintergreen, methyl salicyclate, strong characteristic odour, Prepare methyl salicylate, (from sweet birch tree): 16.5.5
Oils
Oleic acid
Olivine group, (Geology): 35.18
Omega-3 fatty acids: 19.2.1.8
Opresol (preserving fluid)
Optical bleaches, optical whites, fluorescers, synthetic detergents, (syndets): 12.12.03.3a
Optical devices: 28.11.0
Orange G, orange IV, acid orange, tropaeolin 00, microscopy stain: 3.21
Orcene, orcein, ethanoic acetic, aceto orcein, la cour, orcein acetic, orcin, Gurr's synthetic orcein
Orcene acetic 100mL, orcene acetic - glacial acetic acid 100mL
Orcinol 3,5-dihydroxytoluene, 5-methyl resorcinol
Octinol
Ore, separate metals by reduction of metal oxides, ores: 10.10.0
Organic acids and alcohols, tests: 16.4.1.0
Organic builders, synthetic detergents, (syndets): 12.12.03.2b
Organic chemicals, Flammable organic chemicals: 9.0
Organic chemistry: 16.1.0
Organic chemistry terms: 16.11.0
Organic compounds, Elements and chemical reactions: 7.2.2
Organic substance, chemical changes, heat organic substances: 7.1.2
Organometal compounds, (prefixing the metal with organo-): 16.2.3
Orthophosphoric acid
Oscillating reaction, potassium bromate with propanedioic acid, double autocatalytic reaction: 17.3.7
Osmium, Os, Table of elements
Osmium tetroxide, OsO4, osmic acid, osmium oxide, osmium (VIII) oxide, solid, unpleasant odour, VERY TOXIC
Osmosis, Colloids, diffusion, semi-permeable membrane, osmosis, plasmolysis: 9.12.0
OTO tests for swimming pools, orthotolidine: 18.7.21.5
Oudeman's fluid, insect fixing fluid: 4.11
Oxalates, hazards: 3.7.11
Oxalic acid, C2H2O4.2H2O, oxalic acid (dihydrate), oxalic acid hydrated, ethanedioic acid-2-water, HARMFUL, CORROSIVE
OXD, oxidising, Different classifications of hazardous chemicals
Oxidation and reduction, redox reactions
Oxidation reactions (organic chemistry): 16.1.03
Oxides
Oxidizing agent
Oximes, (hydrox- imino- alkanes), (group: C:NOH): 16.2.4.6
Oxonium ion
Oxygen gas, O2: 3.49.0
Ozone, O3: 3.5
PABA, par-amino benzoic acid,
Packaging gases, propellants, food additive: 19.4.4.22
Paints, fire retardant, anti-fouling, fluorescent, phosphorescent: 19.6.1
Palladium
Palmitic acid
Palmitoyl chloride
Pancreatin
Pantothenic acid hemicalcium salt
Papain powder
Pampl's fluid, insect fixing fluid: 4.13
Paper chromatography, separate mixed inks with paper chromatography: 3.24.1
Paper chromatography, separate pigments from green leaves with paper chromatography: 3.24
Paper clips and rusting: 5.5.09.1
Paracetamol glucuronide
Paracetamol, aromatic acids and their derivatives: 16.3.4.0.11
Paracetamol, aspirin and analgesics, paracetamol, acetaminophen, (Panadol, Tylenol): 11.11.6
Paracetamol, separate aspirin, caffeine and paracetamol with thin layer plate chromatography: 10.2.2.6
Paraffin
Paris Green |: copper (II) acetoarsenite, poison
Particles, diffusion: 3.55.0
Particles, in solutions and suspensions: 7.5.0
Particles, sizes of particles of matter: 3.3.0
Parts per million, ppm, (1 ppm = 1 mg per litre): 3.7.1
Pascal, statics of fluids, static pressure, the pascal, (Pa): 12.1.0
Pasteurization and UHT: 19.3.6.12
Peanut
Pectin apple: 16.3.1.8
Pectin in jelly and jam: 19.2.9
Penicillin
Pennyroyal oil
Pentan-3-one
Pentan-2-one
Pentan-2-ol
Pentan-1-ol
Pentane-1,5 diol
Pentane, n-pentane, C5H12, colourless liquid, HIGHLY FLAMMABLE
Pentanedioic acid, glutaric acid, COOH(CH2)3COOH
Pentanoic acid, valeric acid: 16.3.6.1.7
Pentanol, C5H12O, 1-pentanol, pentan-1-ol, pentyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol, butyl carbinol, n-pentanol, n-pentyl alcohol, HARMFUL
Pentobarbital sodium salt, barbiturates, phenobarbital, amylobarbital, pentobarbital, thiopental: 11.11.7
Pepsin
Pentose, d-xylose
Pentyl ethanoate, C5H12O, n-amyl acetate, normal amyl acetate, pentyl acetate, 1-pentanol
Pentyl butyrate, (apricot odour)
Pentyl acetate, amyl acetate, (pear oil, banana odour), Prepare esters: 16.5.6
Pepsin
Peptides: 16.11.13
Peptides, fibrous proteins and globular proteins, collagen, peptides and polypeptides: 16.3.6.0.2
Peptides, proteins, peptides, amino acids: 16.3.6.0
Peptides, proteins, peptides, amino acids: 16.6.1.1
Peptone, bacteriological
Peptone (meat)
Per cent recovery, conservation of mass in a cycle of copper reactions, the copper cycle experiment: 12.1.3
Per cent solutions: 5.4.07
Perchlorates, ClO4-
Perchloric acid, HClO4, chloric (VII) acid, 70% W/W, colourless liquid, HARMFUL, OXIDISING, CORROSIVE
Perfume, volatility of different liquids: 3.7
Periodic acid
Periodic Table | 12.19.10
Permanent wave, permanent crease solution, hair straightening, sodium metabisulfite: 19.5.1.1
Permanganate ion, reactions of the manganate (VII) ion (permanganate ion), MnO4-: 12.17.4
Permanganates, hazards: 3.7.12
Peroxides, hazards: 3.7.13
Perspex, polymethyl methacrylate polymer (acrylic resin, Perspex, Lucite, Plexiglas, PMMA): 3.4.2.5
Pesticides: 6.9.18.0
Pethidine, morphine and derivatives, codeine, pethidine, heroin, methadone, abuse of volatile substances: 11.11.14
Petrol-sniffing, abuse of volatile substances: 11.11.2
Petroleum, distil crude oil and collect fractions, composition of petroleum: 10.6.3
Petroleum ether, benzine, petroleum benzin, petroleum solvent, 40 - 60oC, pet ether, petroleum spirits, ligroine, TOXIC, HIGHLY FLAMMABLE
Petroleum fraction: 7.9.41
Petroleum fraction, petroleum gas: 16.1.12.1
Petroleum jelly, white petrolatum, technical Vaseline
Petroleum spirit, petroleum spirit 60 / 80, 80 / 100, flammable liquids: 3.5.3
Petrol, gasoline, "gas", fractional distillation: 16.1.12.3
pH
Phenethylamine group of alkaloids: 1.6.0A
Phenobarbital, barbiturates, phenobarbital, amylobarbital, pentobarbital, thiopental: 11.11.7
Phenol, carbolic acid
Phenol fuchsin, carbol fuchsin
Phenol red
Phenolphthalein, C20H14O4, 3,3-bis~p-hydroxyphenyl phthalide, 2-(bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)benzoic acid, acid-base indicator: 5.53.1.5
Phenolphthalein indicator, phenolphthalein solution, phenolphthalein pure, Breathe into phenolphthalein indicator: 5.4.15
Phenols
Phenothiazine
Phenol, C6H5OH , hydroxybenzene, benzenol, phenyl alcohol, colourless crystals, TOXIC, CORROSIVE
Phenol red, acid-base indicator
Phenylhydrozone, Nitrogen compounds: 16.2.5
Phenyl-2-hydroxy-benzoate, phenyl salicylate, salol
Phenylamine, aniline, aminobenzene, C6H5NH2, (phenylammonium ion. anilinium ion, C6H5NH3+)
Phenylammonium chloride, aniline hydrochloride
Phenylethene, monomer styrene
Phenylformic acid, benzoic acid, benzene carboxylic acid
Phenylmethylbenzoate, benzyl benzoate
Phenylalanine, DL-phenylalanine, sweeteners phenylalanine and aspartame: 19.4 2 5
Phenylmethylbenzoate, benzyl benzoate
Phenylthiocarbamide, PTC, phenylthiourea, PTU, tasters and non-tasters experiment: 9.254.2
Phloroglucinol, benzene-1,3,5-triol, microscopy stain: 3.22
Phosphates
Phospholipids, (phosphoglycerides): 16.3.3.0.1
Phosphorescence: 7.2.2.33.1
Phosphorus
Phosphorus compounds
Phosphorylation: 16.11.14
Photography, chemical changes in photography, make photographic print, silver nitrate: 7.8.7.0
Photography,reactions of silver halides: 12.19.4.0
Photolysis: 7.9.42
Photosynthesis equation, carbon dioxide and photosynthesis: 3.36
Phthaleins: 3, 3-bis(hydroxyaryl), -2-benzofuran-1(3H), -ones, from condensation of phthalic anhydride with phenols, phenolphthalein
Phthallic acid, benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
Phthallic anhydride, benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride
Phycobilins, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin: 16.3.5.2.6
Phycobiliproteins, Anabaena azollae, the water fern Azolla: 16.3.5.2.5
Physics laboratory safety: 7.0.0
Physics syllabus, atomic structure, nuclear structure and radioactivity, modern physics, (headings only): 9.0
Phytochromes: 16.3.5.2.7
Picrates, salts of picric acid, (2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol)
Picric acid, (NO2)3C6H2OH, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, yellow crystals, EXPLOSIVE
Piezoelectricity, (Geology): 35.33
Piezoelectricity: 32.1.2
Piezoelectricity experiments: 33.7.0
Pigments, separate pigments from green leaves with paper chromatography: 3.24
Pipettes, safety, handling chemicals: 3.4.10
pK: 7.9.44
Plant physiology, food tests: 9.2.5
Plaster of Paris, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, hygroscopic, CaSO4.1/2H2O, HARMFUL very hot when water added to dry sulfate
Plaster of Paris, Prepare fibrous plaster board with plaster of Paris: 3.2.6
Plaster of Paris, Strength of plaster of Paris: 3.67
Plastics, Building up molecules: 3.100.0
Plastics, Polymers and plastic: 3.4.0
Plating, electroplating, chromium, copper, nickel, silver, zinc plating: 15.1.0
Platinum
Plutonium, Pu, Table of elements
POISON, Different classifications of hazardous chemicals
Poisons, toxicity, list of poisons and First Aid: 3.10.0
Pollution
Polonium, Po, Table of elements
Polyacrilonitrile, "Acrilan", names of polymers: 3.4.03
Polyamide, aromatics, aromatic compounds, benzene derivatives, ring systems: 16.3.4.0
Polycyclic aromatics: 16.3.5.0
Polyester resin
Polyketides, polyketide antibiotics: 16.3.2.7
Polymerization reaction, cyanamides, (inorganic, CN22-), ionization reaction of methylamine, cyanic acid, melamine: 16.2.4.2.1
Polymers and plastics: 3.4.0
Polyprotic acids: 7.9.45
Polyprotic acids: 12.3.0.2
Polypyrroles: 16.3.5.2
Polysaccharide gums: 16.3.2.9
Polysaccharides: 16.3.1.4.3
Polyvinyl chloride
Polyvinylpyrrolidone, food additive, E1202, synthetic protein, stabilizer, clarifying agent for wine: 16.3.5.2
Polyvinyl pyrrolidene, povidone, pvd-iodine complex: 16.3.5.2.8
Pool chemistry, swimming pool chemistry: 18.7.0
Porphyrins: 16.3.5.2.2
Porphyrins, tetrapyrroles: 16.3.5.2
Portland cement: 34.3.01
Potassium, metal
Potassium compounds
Potato dextrose agar, to identify fungi: 6.10
Potential difference from combining half cells, zinc and iron: 15.7.1
Povidone, pvp, porphyrins, pyrroles, polypyrroles, tetrapyrroles: 16.3.5.2.8
Practical work, "Role of practical work", chemistry teaching: Topic 2
Praseodymium, Pr, Table of elements
Precipitate, test if a precipitate forms when aqueous solutions of salts are mixed: 3.71.3
Precipitate, test if precipitate forms when solutions are added to lead (II) nitrate: 3.71.4
Precipitation reactions, double decomposition: 12.2.1
Prefixes and suffixes: 14.0
Prepare
Prepare crystals
Preserving food
Pressure
Prions, "mad cow disease": 16.3.6.0.3
Producer gas
Prohibited, CHEMICALS PROHIBITED FOR SCHOOL USE: 10.0
Proline
Promethazine
Promethium, Pm, Table of elements
Proof spirit, degrees proof, alcohol conentration: 3.7.2
Propan-1, 2-diol, propylene glycol, food additive E1520, humectant, solvent, wetting agent, dispersing agent
Propan-1-ol, C3H8O, ethyl carbinol, normal propanol, normal propyl alcohol, 1-propanol, n-propanol, propan-1-ol, n-propyl alcohol, HIGHLY FLAMMABLE
Propan-2-ol, CH3CHOHCH3, isopropyl alcohol, isopropanol, rubbing alcohol, HIGHLY FLAMMABLE
Propanal, propionaldehyde
Propane
Propane-1,2,3-triol, glycerin, glycerine
Propanedioic acid, HOOCCH2COOH, malonic acid, with potassium bromate, double autocatalytic reaction, oscillating reaction: 17.3.7
Propanoic acid, CH3CH2COOH, propionic acid: 16.3.6.0.2
Propanoic acid, propionic acid, ionization reaction: 16.3.6.1.5
Propanone, acetone, CH3COCH3, 2-propanone, methyl ketone, dimethyl ketone, colourless liquid, characteristic smell, HARMFUL, HIGHLY FLAMMABLE
Propanol
Propanol, propyl alcohol, (C3H7OH): 16.1.3.A
Propanol, Separate amino acids by paper chromatography: 10.2.2.5
Propanol, propan-1-ol, C3H7OH, CH3CH2CH2OH, 1-propanol,
Propanol, propan-2-ol, C3H7OH, CH3CH(OH)CH3, 2-propanol, rubbing alcohol
Propan-1,2-diol
Propellants, packaging gases, food additives: 19.4.4.22
Propenamide
Propanone, acetone, dimethyl ketone
Propenoic acid, acrylic acid
Propionic acid
Propylcyclopentane: See diagram 16.1.1h octane number
Propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol
Propyl gallate, antioxidants, BHA, BHT, TBHQ, propyl gallate, vitamin E: See diagram 19.2.1.6
Prostaglandins: chemicals based on fatty acids, in prostate glands, hormones with many functions
Protactinium, Pa, Table of elements
Proteases, food additives E1101, papain, bromelain, ficin, flour treatment agents, stabilizers, tenderizers, flavours enhancers
Protective clothing, laboratory safety: 3.2.2
Proteins
Prussian blue, iron (III) ferrocyanide, Fe7(CN), 18(H2O), x, Prussian blue as a semi-permeable membrane: 9.168
Prussian blue, reactions of iron (II) salts and iron (IlI) salts, Prussian blue: 12.8.1
Psilocybin, hallucinogenic drugs: 11.11.9
PTC, PTU, tasters and non-tasters, phenylthiourea: 9.254.2
Pure substances, separation of pure substances
Purine group of alkaloids: 1.10.0A
Purines, Structure of DNA and RNA: 4.4.01
Putty
Pyridine-piperidine group of alkaloids: 1.1.0A
Pyridine, C5H5N, TOXIC, Aromatic compounds: 16.3.4.0 See diagram 16.3.4.4
Pyrimidine, structure of DNA: 16.3.2.8.1
Pyrimidine: See diagram 16.3.4.4
Pyrite, (iron sulfide), (Geology): 35.20.32
Pyrite, heat iron (II) sulfide, (FeS2, pyrite, fool's gold): 12.8.8
Pyroelectricity, ferroelectricity: 35.33.1
Pyrogallol, benzene-1,2,3-triol, pyrogallic acid, 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene
PYROPHORIC, Different classifications of hazardous chemicals
Pyrrhotite, (iron sulfide): 35.20.34
Pyrrole: 16.3.5.2
Pyrrolizidine group of alkaloids: 1.2.1A
Pyrylium ion: See diagram 16.3.4.4
Pyruvic acid
Octane, (C8H18), octane number: 16.1.1h
Octane, octene, octane number: See diagram 16.1.1h
Octane, tetraethyl lead, lead tetra-ethyl: 7.2.2.23b
Flammable liquids: 3.5.3
Spark plug operating temperature, pre-ignition: 32.5.5.5.1
Odour, chemical vapours and smelling chemicals: 3.4.8
Oils
Composition of edible Oils: 19.2.1.1.1
Distil crude oil and collect fractions, composition of petroleum: 10.6.3
Extract oil from peanuts, ground nuts: 10.12.1
Fats and oils, food tests: 9.137
Oil of cloves, eugenol, steam distillation: 10.5.6
Prepare camphor oil: 19.6.7
Prepare soap with vegetable oils: 12.12.2
Size of an oil molecule in floating oil: 3.3.2
Solvent extraction of oil from nuts: 3.23
Tests for ammonia, (2.): 3.33.1
Tests for hydrogen sulfide solution, (1.): 3.43.1
Oxalic acid, ethanedioic acid, (COOH)2, thermal decomposition: 3.30.10
Oxalic acid, prepare ethanedioic acid-2-water: 16.4.3
Oxalates hazards: 3.7.11
Potassium manganate (VII) and sulfuric acid: 17.1.5.1
Tests for antimonates, borates, oxalates: 12.11.5.2a
Tests for oxalates: 12.11.5.14
Oxidation and reduction, redox reactions: 15.2.0
Oxidation, air pressure: 15.3.8
Catalytic oxidation of ammonia with chromium (III) oxide catalyst: 13.6.6.1
Catalytic oxidation of ammonia with red-hot platinum wire: 13.6.6
Redox reactions, (oxidation-reduction reactions, electron transfer reactions), disproportionation: 12.2.6
Oxides, acidic, basic, amphoteric, neutral and mixed oxides: 12.17.0
Dinitrogen oxide (nitrous oxide), N2O: 3.45.0
Heat oxides: 8.3.2
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2: 3.47.0
Nitrogen monoxide (nitric oxide), NO: 3.44.0
Oxides, thermal decomposition: 3.30.5
Oxygen experiments: 12.12
Peroxides, hazards: 3.7.13
Separate metals by reduction of metal oxides, ores: 10.10.0
Oxidizing agents
Bromine as an oxidizing agent: 15.2.2.1
Chlorine as an oxidizing agent: 15.2.2
Concentrated nitric acid as an oxidizing agent: 15.2.5
Hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent: 15.2.7
Nitrous acid as an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent: 15.2.5.1
Oxygen as an oxidizing agent: 15.2.1
Potassium chlorate and potassium persulfate as oxidizing agents: 15.2.13
Potassium dichromate as an oxidizing agent: 15.2.3
Sulfuric acid as an oxidizing agent: 15.2.6
Sulfuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent: 12.6.1
Tests for oxidizing agents by change in colour of iron (II) to iron (III): 15.2.8
Tests for oxidizing agents by change of colour of iron and copper (II) sulfate: 15.2.9
Tests for oxidizing agents by change of colour of zinc and copper (II) sulfate: 15.2.10
Palladium, Pd, Table of elements
Palladium (II) acetate
Palladium(II) chloride
Palladium AAS Solution
Palladium hydroxide on carbon
Paraffin, hard paraffin wax (chunks), alkane mixture, CnH2n+2, paraffin wax black 43 / 46, paraffin oil, liquid medicinal paraffin, petrolatum liquid
Liquid paraffin
Nitroparaffins, nitroalkanes: 16.2.4.4
Paraffin, alkanes, (CnH2n+2), paraffin hydrocarbons: 16.1.2
Paraffin oil, kerosene, kerosine, fractional distillation: 16.1.12.4
Paraffin wax, fractional distillation of petroleum: 16.1.12.7
Paraffin liquid, liquid paraffin, colourless tasteless liquid form of petroleum jelly, mixture of >C12 alkanes, ("Vaseline" is another petroleum jelly),
Paraffin, paraffin oil, kerosene, kerosine, mixture of C12H26 to C15H32, b.p. 16 - 250oC
Paraffin, paraffin wax, mixture of C20H42 and higher molar mass hydrocarbons, m.p. 45 - 65oC, (commercial 52oC pastillated), relative density 0.9
Peanut, fruits and seeds, types of fruits: 9.100, (1.6)
Cooking fats: 19.1.17
Energy from a peanut: 9.161
Extract oil from peanuts, (ground nuts): 10.12.1
Legumes: 16.13.06, (2.)
Lipids, fats and oils, fatty acids, glycerides: 16.3.3.0
Microbial contamination: 19.3.6.11
Solvent extraction of oil from nuts: 3.23
Penicillin, lactams, (-NH(CO-), caprolactam, (6-hexanelactam), (C6H11NO): 16.3.4.0.3
Penicillium, penicillin: See diagram 14.04
Penicillin and antibiotics: 2.1.6
Penicillium: See diagram 8.0
Broad spectrum antibiotic penicillin preparations, Amoxillin, (Amoxil, Augmentin), Ampicillin, (Magnapen, Penbritin)
Pentane
Pentan-1-ol, Pentane, (C5H12): 16.1.1e
Pentane: See diagram 16.1.1h octane number
Acid-base indicators: 5.3.4
pH: 7.9.43
pH: 12.3.0.4
pH change near the equivalence point: 12.10.10
pH of salt solutions: 12.10.4
pH of solid acids: 19.1.2
pH, periodic table: Topic 12
pH tests, enviromental chemistry: 18.1.0
pH values of solutions of salts: 12.10.11
Phenol: 16.1.3.2
Phenolic compounds, (natural products): 16.3.2.5
Phenol red indicator, pH 6.8 yellow - pH 8
Phenols: 16.3.4.0.8
Phenol safety
: Phosphorous, P, Table of the elements
Phosphorus, P, red phosphorus, brown phosphorus, HARMFUL, (FLAM 338) can cause severe burns
Phosphorus, P, white phosphorus, yellow phosphorus, VERY TOXIC, HIGHLY FLAMMABLE, PROHIBITED FOR SCHOOL USE
Phosphorus, Chemical reactions: 7.2.2.33
Phosphorus, organic compounds: 16.2.6
Phosphorus compounds
Phosphate ions in water: 18.4.1
Phosphates hazards: 3.7.14
Phosphate buffer solution (in water)
Phosphorescence: 7.2.2.33.1
Phosphoric acid, orthophosphoric acid, ionization reaction: 12.9.0
Phosphorus (III) chloride , phosphorus trichloride,
Phosphorus (V) oxide, phosphorus pentoxide
Phosphorus (V) chloride, PCl5, phosphorus pentachloride
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorous acid
Phosphorous oxychloride
Phosphorous pentoxide
Phosphorus pentachloride
Phosphorus pentasulphide
Phosphorus tribromide
Phosphorus trichloride
Phosphoryl chloride
Detergent phosphates: 7.2.2.33.2
Group tests for phosphorus and phosphates: 12.13.0
Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) Na5P3O10
Struvite mineral, ammonium magnesium phosphate, ((NH4)MgPO4.6H2O)
Superphosphate production: 12.14.5
Tests for phosphates: 12.11.5.15
Water with chlorides of phosphorus, PCl3, PCl5: 12.13.4
White phosphorus, Do not use in school laboratory
Platinum, Pt, Chemical reactions: 7.2.2.34
Platinum, Table of the elements
Platinum (IV) chloride
Platinum (IV) oxide
Platinum (powder)
Platinum, (Geology): 35.20.31
Platinum wire, 0.375 mm diameter
Catalytic oxidation of ammonia with red-hot platinum wire: 13.6.6
Potassium, K, metal, Table of the elements
Potassium, Chemical reactions: 7.2.2.35
Potassium (rod in mineral oil)
Potassium AAS solution
Potassium element experiments: 12.14
Potassium (kalium), pieces, (FLAM 2257), (in liquid paraffin), toxicity: 3.6.12
Potassium, storing chemicals: 3.4.12, (11.)
Mica, (Geology): 35.16
Reactions of potassium salts with water: 14.2.1
Tests for potassium: 12.11.3.10.18
Tests for potassium with tetraphenylborate: 12.11.3.1.1
Potassium compounds
Potassium acetate
Potassium antinomate
Potassium adipate, food additive E357
Potassium alum
Potassium aluminium silicate, AlSi3O8, feldspars: 35.15
Potassium bicarbonate
Potassium biphthalate
Potassium borohydride
Potassium bromate with propanedioic acid, double autocatalytic reaction, oscillating reaction: 17.3.7
Potassium bromide, crystals, KBr, potassium bromide, white crystalline powder, (photography, sedative)
Potassium bromide, KBr, For 0.1 M soln., 12 g in 1 L water
Potassium carbonate, anhydrous, K2CO3, "potash", salt of tartar, pearl ash, (hygroscopic)
Potassium carbonate, K2CO3, For 0.1 M soln., 13.8 g in water
Potassium carbonate, hydrated
Potassium chlorate, KClO3, potassium chlorate (VII), potassium perchlorate, Berthollet salt
Potasium chlorate, OXIDISING, PROHIBITED FOR SCHOOL USE in prepare O2 with MnO2
Potassium chloride, KCl, crystals, deliquescent, analytical reagent, sylvine, sylvite, muriate of potash fertilizer, diet salt substitute
Potassium chloride, For 0.1 M soln., 7.5 g in 1 L water
Potassium chromate, K2Cr2O3, potassium chromate, yellow crystals, TOXIC, (HARM 2811) OXIDISING
Potassium chromium (III) sulfate dodecahydrate, chrome alum, chromium potassium sulfate dodecahydrate, potassium chromium sulfate, KCr(SO4)2.12H2O
Potassium citrate monobasic, potassium-2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3- tricarboxylate
Potassium cyanide, KCN, TOXIC
Potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7, potassium dichromate (VI), orange-red crystals, TOXIC, CORROSIVE, OXIDISING, PROHIBITED FOR SCHOOL USE
Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate (V), For 0.1 M soln., 13.6 g in 1 L water (KH2PO4)
Potassium disulfite, potassium metabisulfite
Potassium ethanoate, CH3COOK, potassium acetate, white crystalline powder
Potassium ethanedioate H2O, potassium ethanedioate-1-water, potassium oxalate
Potassium ferricyanide, potassium hexacyanoferrate (III)
Potassium ferrocyanide, K4Fe(CN)6.3H2O, potassium hexacyanoferrate (II)-3-water, pale yellow crystals or powder, ENVORONMENTAL DANGER
Potassium fluoride
Potassium hexafluorophosphate
Potassium hydrogen carbonate, KHCO3, potassium bicarbonate, calcinite mineral
Potassium hydrogen ethanedioate, potassium hydrogen oxalate
Potassium hydrogen 2,3-potassium hydrogen tartrate, dihydroxybutanedioate
Potassium hydrogen oxalate
di-Potassium hydrogen phosphate (V), dipotassium monohydrogen phosphate
Potassium hydrogen phthalate
Potassium hydrogen sulfate
Potassium hydrogen tartrate, | prepare self-leavened flour, "self-raising flour": 19.1.8
Potassium hydroxide, KOH, potassium hydroxide, flake, pellets 1 M analytical reagent, caustic potash, HARMFUL, CORROSIVE
Potassium iodate, KIO3, potassium iodate (V), powder, potassium iodate, HARMFUL, OXIDISING
Potassium iodate, Prepare iodic acid and potassium iodate, HIO3, KIO3: 12.19.6.3
Potassium iodate (VII), potassium periodate
Potassium iodide, KI, potasium iodide analytical reagent, white solid
Potassium iodide paper
Potassium iodide powder pillows
Potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4, 0.2 M, 0.02 M, analytical reagent, red-purple crystals, Condy’s crystals, HARMFUL
Potassium manganate (VII), potassium permanganate, For 0.1 M soln., 15.8 g in 1 L water
Potassium monoxide, potash K2O, in NPK fertilizer
Potassium niobate
Potassium nitrate, KNO3, potassium nitrate (V), nitrate of potash, nitre, potassium nitrate, saltpetre, Reactions with water: 14.2.5
Potassium nitrate, colourless crystals or white powder, For 0.1 M soln., 10.l g in 1 L water, OXIDISING
Potassium nitrite (III), potassium nitrite,(OXD 1488), KNO2
Potassium perchlorate, prepare potassium perchlorate by fractional crystallization KClO4: 12.19.8.5
Potassium periodate
Potassium permanganate
Potassium persulfate
Potassium phosphate dibasic
Potassium phosphate monobasic
Potassium pyrosulfate
Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, Rochelle salt) with hydrogen peroxide, cobalt (II) chloride catalyst: 17.3.6
Potassium sodium tartrate, sodium potassium tartrate, Seignette salt
Potassium sodium tartrate solution (1.5 M in water)
Potassium sulfate, K2SO4, colourless crystals or white powder, HARMFUL
Potassium sulfide, liver of sulfur
Potassium superoxide
Potassium tartrate
Potassium tert-butoxide
Potassium tetraborate
Potassium tetrachloropalladate
Potassium thiocyanate, KSCN, potassium isothiocyanate, white crystalline powder, HARMFUL
Potassium alum, alum, Al2(SO4), 3.K2(SO4),.24H2O, K2SO4.Al2(SO4), 3.24H2O
Potassium alum, alum, aluminium potassium sulfate-12-water, KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, potash alum, potasssium aluminium sulfate
Prepare potash alum crystals from its constituent salts: 12.14.1
Prepare potash alum from aluminium foil, K2SO4.Al2(SO4), 3.24H2O: 12.14.2
Potassium chlorate, storage safety, (FLAM 1485), KClO3, potassium chlorate (V), potassium perchlorate, spontaneous combustion
Potassium chlorate and potassium persulfate as oxidizing agents: 15.2.13
Potassium chlorate, thermal decomposition: 3.30.11
Chlorates, potassium chlorate, hazards of anion compounds: 3.7.2
Combustible solids, potassium chlorate: 3.5.5
Concentrated sulfuric acid on potassium chlorate, KClO3, 12.19.8.4
Heat potassium chlorate, manganese dioxide catalyst: 17.3.11
Sugar with potassium chlorate, spontaneous combustion: 17.3.4
Potassium dichromate, (POISON OXD 1479), K2Cr2O7, potassium dichromate (VI) potassium bichromate
Potassium dichromate, For 0.1 M soln., 29.4 g in 1 L water (K2Cr2O7)
Potassium dichromate, breath test after drinking alcohol, potassium dichromate: 15.2.11
Potassium dichromate diffusion in liquids: 10.1.3
Potassium dichromate, oxidizing agent: 15.2.3
Potassium dichromate, solubility and temperature: 3.10
Effect of temperature on solubility of potassium dichromate: 7.7.6.1
Extract iodine from kelp: 10.13.2
Glass cleaning: 2.20
Grow clusters of crystals: 3.54.6, (See 2.)
Prepare ethanal, (acetaldehyde), with potassium dichromate: 16.3.1
Prepare potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7: 12.5.6
Reactions of ions in solutions: 3.71
Potassium hydroxide, KOH
Potassium hydroxide 2 M solution, dissolve 110 g of KOH sticks in 1 L water
Potassium hydroxide with chlorazol black, to identify fungi: 6.9
Potassium iodide , KI
Potassium iodide, For 0.1 M soln., 16.6 g in 1 L water
Potassium iodide crystals, KI, photography, ingredient of iodized "table salt", in tincture of iodine medicine
Potassium iodide in "table salt": 19.1.16
Potassium iodide with hydrogen peroxide, clock reaction: 17.1.6
Potassium iodide with hydrogen peroxide, reverse colour change: 17.3.5
Electrolysis of potassium iodide solution, electrolytic writing: 15.5.23
Rate of reaction depends on concentration: 17.5.4.2
Reactions of potassium iodide solution with copper (II) sulfate solution, Reactions of copper (II) ions, Cu2+: 12.7.2 (See 2.)
Potassium manganate (VII), potassium permanganate (OXD 1490), KMnO4, potassium permanganate, Condy's crystals
Potassium manganate (VII) with ethanedioic acid-2-water (oxalic acid), autocatalysis: 17.3.3
Potassium manganate (VII) liberates chlorine from HCl: 15.2.4.3
Potassium manganate (VII) oxidizes glycerol to carbon dioxide and water: 15.2.4.2
Potassium manganate (VII) oxidizes iron (II) to iron (III): 15.2.4.1
Colour change of diluted potassium permanganate: 3.3.1
Movement of ions from potassium permanganate solution: 3.4.1
Permanganates, hazards: 3.7.12
Prepare chlorine with concentrated hydrochloric acid and potassium permanganate: 13.4.6
Prepare potassium permanganate, KMnO4: 12.17.3
Reactions of permanganate ion, MnO4-: 12.17.4
Reduce potassium manganate (VII) with hydrogen sulfide: 3.43.2
Reduce potassium manganate (VII) with sulfur dioxide: 3.51.2
Reduce potassium manganate (VII) with sulfur dioxide: 3.76
Tests for saturated hydrocarbons, alkaline potassium manganate (VII) solution: 16.4.8
Tests for saturated hydrocarbons, acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution: 16.4.9
Potassium sulfate, powder K2SO4, sulfate of potash fertilizer
Potassium sulfate, aluminium sulfate, artificial gemstones: 12.10.2.6.1
Potassium sulfate, K2SO4, For 0.1 M soln., 17.4 g in 1 L water
Prepare
Acid-base indicators
acid-base plant extract indicators: 3.53.2
acids, Preparation instructions for acids and bases: 7.0
8.0 Preparation instructions for salt solutions
acid salt, sodium hydrogen sulfate: 12.10.6
acids, prepare dilute acids and bases: 3.4.3
alum from alum solution by crystallization: 10.01.10
aluminium hydroxide precipitate: 7.6.4
amyl acetate, (pear oil): 16.5.6
antimony sulfide colloidal solution: 12.2.1
apparatus, sets of apparatus: 2.7
apparatus, stock materials and apparatus: 2.6
aspirin crystals: 3.1.4
baking powder: 19.1.9
bases, Preparation instructions for acids and bases: 7.0
bases, prepare dilute acids and bases: 3.4.3
bean curd: 7.8.2.3
boric acid crystals: 12.10.0
Bromothymol blue
buffered solutions: 12.10.7.3
candles, beeswax candles: 8.1.2.1
carbon dioxide by heating carbonates: 13.7.6
carbon dioxide by heating hydrogen carbonates: 13.7.7
carbon dioxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate with buttermilk, sour milk, vinegar, fruit juice: 19.1.7
carbon dioxide with acids and carbonates or bicarbonates, sodium hydrogen carbonate: 3.34.0
carbon dioxide with alum and baking soda: 13.7.9
carbon dioxide with spearmint sweet, "Mentos" and cola: 13.7.8
chlorine, Cl2: 3.40
chlorine with concentrated hydrochloric acid acid and potassium manganate (VIII): 12.19.8.2
chlorine with concentrated hydrochloric acid and potassium manganate (VIII): 13.4.6
chlorine with dilute hydrochloric acid and domestic bleach solution: 13.4.4
chlorine with concentrated hydrochloric acid and manganese (IV) oxide: 13.4.5
chrome alum, K2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3.24H2O: 12.14.4
chromium trioxide, CrO3: 12.5.2
clusters of crystals: 3.54.6
copper (I) chloride, CuCl: 12.7.7
copper (I) oxide, CuO: 12.7.6
copper (II) ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4.CuSO4.6H2O: 12.7.4
copper carbonate from copper sulfate and sodium carbonate: 10.01.2
crystals (Primary): 4.14
crystals, aspirin crystals: 3.1.4
crystals from a melt: 3.54.2
crystals from a mixture of salts: 3.54.4
crystals from solutions: 3.54
crystals with different shapes: 3.54.3
cuprammonium sulfate, Cu(NH3)4SO4.H2O: 12.7.5
detergent, alcohol-based detergent: 12.13.9
dilute acids and bases: 3.4.3
double salt crystals: 3.54.01
EDTA solution: 12.13.11
electrolyte for a lead accumulator cell: 8.6
esters, ethyl acetate, (ethyl ethanoate): 16.5.2
ethanal, (acetaldehyde), with potassium dichromate: 16.3.1
ethanal with potassium manganate (VII), (potassium permanganate, Condy's crystals): 16.3.2
ethanoic acid, (acetic acid), ionization reaction: 16.4.2
ethanedioic acid-2-water, (oxalic acid), ionization reaction: 16.4.3
ethene, (ethylene) gas: 16.1.1.2.1
ethyl acetate, (ethyl ethanoate), 1: 16.5.2
ethyl acetate, (ethyl ethanoate), 2: 16.5.8
ethyl butyrate: 16.5.7
ethyl chloride: 16.5.1
ethyne, (acetylene), gas: 16.1.1.3.1
face cream emulsion: 7.8.2.2
ferric tannate with tea leaves: 16.8.2
gases, prepare, collect and test gases: 3.32
gases with a gas generation apparatus: 3.32.0
gases, different gases, alkanes to Xenon: 13.1.1
gases with a gas generation apparatus: 3.32.0
gelatine, (gelatine), gel: 7.8.3.2
hard water: 12.13.2
hydrochloric acid: 3.42.1.0
hydrogen bromide, HBr: 12.19.9.3
hydrogen chloride, HCl: 3.42.0
hydrogen gas, H2: 3.41
hydrogen gas bubbles: 3.41.2
hydrogen gas with aluminium foil and sodium carbonate, washing soda: 13.2.3.1
hydrogen gas with iron filings and alum: 13.2.3.2
hydrogen gas with iron filings and sulfuric acid, or sodium hydrogen sulfate: 13.2.3.0
hydrogen iodide, HI: 12.19.6.1
hydrogen peroxide solution: 12.12.3
hydrogen sulfide, H2S: 3.43.0
hydroxides with ammonia solution by double decomposition: 3.33.2
imitation volcano with baking soda: 12.16.6.01
iodic acid and potassium iodate, HIO3, KIO3: 12.19.6.3
iodine solution, tincture of iodine: 12.19.6.5
iron (II) ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O: 12.8.14
iron (II) oxide, FeO: 12.8.7
iron (II) sulfate solution: 15.2.8
iron (IlI) ammonium alum, (NH4)2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H2O, 12.14.3
iron (IlI) chloride, FeCl3: 12.19.8.3
iron (IlI) oxide, Fe2O3: 12.8.9
jelly and jam: 19.2.9
large crystals: 3.54.5
Litmus
manganates, MnO42-: 12.17.2
metals, by reducing metal oxides to metals with hydrogen gas: 3.41.3
methane gas: 16.1.1a.01
methyl chloride: 16.5.9
methyl orange, acid-base indicator: 5.53.1.3
methyl red, acid-base indicator: 5.53.1.4
methyl salicylate, (oil of wintergreen): 16.5.5
methyl violet, acid-base indicator
microcosmic salt, Na.NH4.H.PO4.4H2O: 12.13.5
monoprotic acid solution, 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution, an acid of unknown molarity: 12.8.7.1
nitric acid, sulfuric acid with sodium nitrate: 12.5.1
nitrogen: 3.46
nitrogen dioxide, NO2 : 3.47
nitrogen dioxide, (C8H18), from lead (II) nitrate crystals, NO2: 13.10.2
nitrogen dioxide from lead (II) nitrate crystals: 13.10.2
nitrogen monoxide, (nitric oxide), NO: 3.44
Orange IV, acid-base indicator
oxides by direct oxidation, O2-: 12.12.1
oxides by indirect oxidation, O2-: 12.12.2
oxygen absorbent: 13.3.5
oxygen with hydrogen peroxide, O2: 3.49
oxygen with hydrogen peroxide using catalysts: 12.12.7
ozone, 3.50
pH 11 buffer solutions: 12.13.11
phenolphthalein: 5.53.1.5
phenol red, acid-base indicator
phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5: 12.13.3
phosphorus trichloride, PCl3: 12.13.2
plating baths: 15.1.6
potash alum, K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O: 12.14.1
potassium bromide, KBr: 12.19.9.5
potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7: 12.5.6
potassium perchlorate by fractional crystallization, KClO4: 12.19.8.5
potassium permanganate, KMnO4: 12.17.3
preserving agents for cut flowers: 19.6.5
protein solutions: 16.6.3
reagents: Appendix 4
salts by different methods: 12.10.2
sauerkraut, (Primary): 4.2.2
sea water crystals: 3.54.1
self-leavened flour, "self-raising flour": 19.1.8
silica gel: 7.8.3.1
silicate garden, SiO32-: 7.2.5
silicon glass: 7.2.4
silicon glass, coloured glass: 7.2.4.2
silicon glass in a furnace: 7.2.4.1
silicon tetrafluoride, SiF4: 12.19.7.2
soap by neutralization: 12.12.01
soap by saponification: 12.12.02
soap solutions for estimating of hardness in water: 12.13.10
soap with animal fats: 12.12.1
soap with fats and oils: 3.79
soap with vegetable oils: 12.12.2
sodium ethoxide: 16.1.3.1.2
sodium hydrogen carbonate with sodium carbonate: 12.16.2
sodium hydroxide solution: 12.2.1.9
sodium thiosulfate crystals, "hypo", Na2S2O3.5H2O: 12.18.6
solutions for group analysis: 12.11.4.0
solutions of known concentration: 5.4.0
solutions, pH values 3 to 11, with buffer solutions: 12.10.8
solutions, stock solutions: 5.2.0
split crystals: 3.54.7
stalactite crystals: 3.54.8
starch solution: 3.95.01
sucrose crystals from brown sugar: 3.1.10
sucrose crystals from sugar cane juice: 3.1.10.1
sucrose, white sugar from brown sugar: 10.1.3
sulfides, S2-: 12.18.2
sulfur dioxide, SO2: 3.51
sulfur dioxide with sulfuric acid and copper: 13.13.4
sulfur dioxide with sulfuric acid and sodium sulfite: 13.13.3
sulfur, forms of sulfur: 12.18.1
sulfur monochloride: 12.18.3a
thionyl chloride, SOCl2: 12.18.3b
tin (IV) chloride, SnCl4: 12.20.2
trichloromethane, (chloroform): 16.1.14
triodomethane, (iodoform): 16.1.13
Universal indicator
white sugar from brown sugar: 10.1.3
wood gas and wood tar: 16.10.4
yoghurt, (Primary): 4.2.1
yoghurt: 4.3.17
zinc sulfate crystals: 12.2.4.2
Preserving food, food preservation: 19.3.6
Prepare preserving agent for cut flowers: 19.6.5
Preservatives, food additives, E numbers: 19.4.4.23
Pressure
See: Table of saturated vapour pressure over water, Psvp
Atmospheric pressure: 12.3.0
Liquid pressure: 4.188.0
Measure air pressure, (Primary): 6.18
Pressure affects the boiling point: 3.8
Pressure law, constant volume, p / T = constant: 20.0.4
Statics of fluids, static pressure, the pascal (Pa): 12.1.0
Propane, (C3H8), (E944, propellant, aerator): 16.1.1c
Propane: See diagram 16.1.1h, octane number
Packaging gases, propellants, food additive: 19.4.4.22
Propane-1,2,3-triol, glycerin, glycerine
Proteins
Proteins, burn carbohydrates, fats and proteins: 16.9.1
Proteins, food tests: 9.11.4
Proteins, peptides, amino acids: 16.3.6.0
Proteins, prepare plastic from milk casein: 3.4.5
Proteins, tests for proteins, peptides, amino acids: 16.6.1.1