School Science Lessons
Topic 16c Fixed oils, essential oils, alkaloids produced by plants from
amino acids
Classification of hydrocarbons and plant products
Updated 2009-09-16
Table of contents
16.3.3.0.2
Fixed oils
16.3.3.0.3
Essential oils, volatile oils, ethereal oils
16.3.6.4 Alkaloids produced by plants from
amino acids
16.3.3.0.2
Fixed oils
The fixed oils (non-volatile
oils, true oils, vegetable oils,
aromatherapy oils) make a permanent greasy mark on paper, cannot
be distilled unchanged and do not evaporate at room temperature, so are
called carrier oils. They are glycerides of fatty acids. They do not
volatilize on heating
without decomposition. They harden on exposure to the air. Fixed oils
are extracted from seeds or nuts by different methods so they can be
classed as unrefined, cold pressed, expeller pressed and
refined.
Aguaje oil (Buriti oil)
Almond butter
Almond oil sweet
Andiroba oil
Apricot kernel oil
Arachis oil (peanut oil)
Argane oil
Avocado butter
Avocado oil
Babassu nut oil
Baobab oil
Bayberry oil (Laurel seed oil)
Beeswax
Ben oil (Moringa oil)
Bilberry seed oil
Blackcurrant seed oil
Borage oil
Brazil nut oil
Buriti oil
Calendula oil
Calophyllum inophylum oil
(Tamanu nut oil)
Camelina sativa oil
Camellia oil
Candlenut oil (Aleurites
moluccana)
Canola oil (Brassica napus)
Cape Chestnut oil
Capuacu butter
Caraway black oil
Carrot oil
Cashew kernel oil
Castor oil (Ricinus communis)
Chaulmoogra seed oil (castor oil)
Cherry kernel oil
Chia oil
Cocoa butter
Cocoa oil organic
Coconut oil (Cocos nucifera)
(refined, fractionated and hydrogenated)
Cod liver oil
Coffee oil
Coffee butter
Corn oil corn oil (Zea
mays)
Cotton seed oil, cottonseed oil
(Gossypium)
Crabwood oil (Andiroba seed)
Cranberry seed oil
Cumin black oil
Dhupa butter
Echium seed oil
Emu oil from the emu bird
Evening primrose oil
Flax seed oil (Linseed oil)
Gold of pleasure oil (Camelina sativa)
Grapeseed oil
Groundnut oil (Peanut oil) (Arachis hypogea)
Hazelnut oil
Helianthus annus oil (Sunflower oil) (Helianthus annuus)
Hempseed oil
Illipe butter
Jojoba oil
Kalahari oil
Karanja oil
Kemiri oil (Kukui nut oil)
Kiwifruit oil
Kokum butter (Garcinia indica)
Krabwood oil (Andiroba oil)
Kukui nut oil
Lard (pig fat)
Laurel seed oil
Lettuce seed oil
Lingonberry oil
Linseed oil
Macadamia nut oil
Mango kernel butter
Mango seed oil
Manketti nut oil
Margosa oil
Marigold oil (Calendula oil)
Marula oil
Meadowfoam seed oil
Mobola plum oil
Mongongo seed oil (Manketti oil)
Moringa oil
Mowrah butter
Mustard
oil
(Brassica campestris)
Neem oil
Ngali nut oil
Olive oil
Ootanga oil (Watermelon oil)
Orchid oil
Palm nut oil, palm oil (Elaeis guineensis)
Papaya seed oil
Parinari oil
Passionflower oil
Passionseed oil
Peach kernel oil
Peanut oil
Pecan nut oil
Perilla seed oil
Phulwara butter
Pistachio nut oil
Plum kernel oil
Pomegranate oil
Poppy seed oil
Pumpkin seed oil
Rapeseed oil (anola oil)
Raspberry seed oil
Rice bran oil
Rocket seed oil
Rosehip seed oil
Safflower seed oil (Carthamus tinctorius)
Sal butter
Salmon oil
Sea buckthorn oil
Seaside plum oil (Ximenia oil)
Sesame seed oil, sesame oil (Sesamum indicum)
Shark liver oil
Shea oil
Shea butter
Soya bean oil, soybean oil (Glycine max)
Squalene oil (vegetable oil)
St John's wort oil
Strawberry seed oil
Sunflower seed oil
Tamanu nut oil
Tucuma butter
Tung oil (Aleurites
fordii)
Urucum oil
Walnut oil
Watermelon seed oil
Wheatgerm oil (cold pressed and refined)
Ximenia oil (Seaside plum oil)
Yangu oil (Cape Chestnut oil)
16.3.3.0.3
Essential oils, volatile oils, ethereal oils
Reference: The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils, by Julia
Lawless, Thorsons, Harper Collins, 2002, ISBN 0 00 7145187
1. An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid that
volatilizes on heating
without decomposition to
form the distinctive scents of plants. They are use in aromatherapy and
in religious ceremonies requiring the burning of incense.
2. Are usually liquid but may be solid, e.g. orris or semi-solid, e.g.
rose
3. On exposure to air, do not harden, but, unlike fixed oils, evaporate
leaving no oily residue
4. Dissolve in alcohol, fats and oils, but not in water.
5. Are mainly volatile mixtures of terpenes and terpenoids, but
also may contain esters, aliphatic
and
aromatic esters, phenolics and substituted hydrocarbons formed in plant
oil glands. Essential oils include rose
oil, jasmine oil, oil of cloves, lavender oil, peppermint oil,
eucalyptus oil, ylang-ylang oil (Cananga
odorata) and the cheap citrus
oils, e.g. lemon oil, sweet orange oil . They are extracted by
distillation, expression and solvent extraction. They cause plant
odours, some of which can be distilled to
form perfumes, cosmetics, bath products, flavoring food and drink
flavourings, incense scents and substances that deter insects and
herbivores
from
damage or grazing.
An essential oil is usually regarded as a
volatile oil produced by distillation with the odour characteristic of
the distilled plant material. However, the term is often used loosly in
the herbalism and aromatherapy industries to decribe any usually
aromatic extracts from plant material.
Plant material --> (distillation) --> "distilled essential oils"
Plant material --> (expression, i.e. pressing and squeezing) -->
"citrus oils"
Plant material --> (solvent extraction) --> "concretes" -->
"absolutes"
Plant material --> (solvent extraction) --> "resinoids"
Plant material --> ("enfleurage") --> "pomades --> "enfleurage
absolutes"
The "concretes" are extracted from raw previously living
plant material with hydrocarbon solvents, not steam distillation,
and are usually about 50% wax and 50% volatile oil, e.g. jasmine. The
oil Ylang ylang is 20% wax and 80% essential oil. The term "concretes"
may refer to the fact that they are more concentrated and stable than
distilled essential oils.
The "resinoids " are extracted from dead resinous material with
hydrocarbon solvents to produce balsams, resins, oleoresins, oleo gum
resins.
The "absolutes" are extracted from the "concretes" by further solvent
extraction using "absolute alcohol" (pure ethanol) to remove most of
the wax. Nowadays more pure "absolutes" are produced with liquid carbon
dioxide.
The "pomades" were once produced by pressing cut flowers onto a glass
plate covered with odourless fat, a prodcess called "enfleurage". The
volatile oils from the flowers that had diffused into the fat were
extracted with alcohol to produce "enfleurage absolutes".
The pharmacy industry can produce most essential oils 96%
synthetically, labelling them "nature identical" products. However, the
4% of natural constituents my be important to the herbalism and
aromatherapy industries.
List of essential oils
Ajowan, Trachelospermum copticum, Apiaceae, mainly thymol
Allspice Pimenta dioica, Myrtaceae,
contains eugenol
Almond,
Bitter Almond, Prunus dulcis (P. dulcis var. amara, P. amygdalus,
Amygdalus dulcis) Rosaceae, pink-white flowers, contains benzaldehyde,
(in almond essence, marzipan)
Amber (resin)
Ambrette Seed, Abelmoschus esculentus (Hibiscus esculentus)
Malvaceae, contains ambrettolide, ambrettoloic acid, palmitic acid,
farnesol
Amyris, Amyris balsamifera (Schimmelia oleifera) Rutaceae
Angelica, contains phellandrene, pinene, limonene and coumarins
Anise, Star Anise, contains trans-anethole
Aniseed, contains trans-anethole
Arnica, contains thymohydroquinine dimethyl ether, isobutyric ester of
phlorol
Asafetida, contains 2-butlpropenyl disulfide (often adulterated)
Balm, Lemon Balm, contains citral, citronellol, eugenol, geranol,
linalyl acetate
Balsam, Canadian Balsam (balsam), contains monoterpenes, e.g. pinene,
phellandrene, (microscopy medium)
Balsam, Copaiba Balsam (oleoresin), contains caryophyllene
Balsam, Peru Balsam (balsam), contains benzyl benzoate, benzyl cinnamyl
cinnamate
Balsam, Tolu Balsam (balsam) , contains cinnamic acid , benzoic acid +
resins
Basil, Exotic Basil, contains methyl chavicol
Basil, French Basil, contains methyl chavicol, linalol
Bay Laurel, contains cineol, pinene, linalol
Bay, West Indian Bay, contains eugenol, myrcene, chavicol
Benzoin (balsam), contains coniferyl cinnamate (Sumatra Benzoin)
coniferyl benzoate (Siam Benzoin)
Bergamot, contains linalyl acetate, linalol, terpenes, furcocoumarins
(in eau-se-cologne, Earl Grey Tea)
Birch, Sweet Birch, contains methyl salicyclate (same as wintergreen
oil)
Birch, White Birch, contains sesquiterpenes e.g. betulenol (sauna birch
bundles) (birch tar from bark mainly phenol, cresol and pyrobetulin
used for "leather scent" and after shave lotions)
Boldo Leaf, contains cymene, ascaridole, cineol, linalol
Borneol, contains alcohols, e.g. d-borneol, terpenes, e.g. pinene,
camphene
Boronia, contains ionone, eugenol, phenols
Broom, Spanish Broom, contains caprllic acid, phenols
Buchu, contains diosphenol, limonene
Cabreuva, contains nerolidol
Cade, contains cadinene, cadinol, guaiacol
Cajeput, contains cineol, terpineol, pinene, nerolidol
Calamintha, catmint, contains citral, nerol, citronellol, limonene,
geraniol and metatabilacetone that attracts cata
Calamus, contains beta-asarone, eugenol
Camphor, (white camphor contains cineol, pinene, not safrol) (brown
camphor contains safrol, terpinol) (yellow camphor contains safrol,
sesquiterpenes)
Cananga, contains caryophyllene, safrol, methyl salicyclate
Caraway, contains carvone, carveol, limonene
Cardomon, contains terpinyl acetate, cineol, limonene, pinene
Carrot Seed, contains pinene, carotol, daucol, geraniol, caryophyllene
Cascarilla Bark, contains cymene, diterpene, limonene, caryophyllene,
terpineol, eugenol
Cassia, contains cinnamic aldehyde, methyl eugenol (dark brown liquid)
Cassie, contains benzyl alcohol, methyl salicyclate, fernesol, geraniol
Cedarwood, Atlas Cedarwood, contains atlantone, aryophyllene
Cedarwood, Texas Cedarwood, contains cedrene, cedrol
Cedarwood, Virginian Cedarwood, contains cedrene, cedrol
Celery Seed, contains limonene
Chamomile, German Chamomile, contains chamazulene (a product of
distillation), farnesene
Chamomile, Roman Chamomile, contains angelic acid esters, tiglic acid
esters, pinene, farnesol, nerolidol, cineol
Chervil, contains methyl chavicol, anethole
Cinnamon, inner bark for cinnamon sticks, (cinnamon leaf oil contains
eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, benzyl benzoate, ) (cinnamon bark oil contains
cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, benzyl benzaldehyde, pinene) in Coca Cola
Citronella, (Java Oil contains geraniol, citronellal)
Clove, contains eugenol, caryophyllene (used in dentistry)
Coriander, contains linalol, borneol, geraniol, carvone, anethole (in
Chartreuse and Benedictine liqueurs)
Costus, contains sesquiterpene lactones, e.g. dihyrocostus lactone,
cartophyllene
Cubebs, contains sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes (treats amoebic dysentery)
Cumin, contains aldehydes, e.g cuminaldehyde, also pinenes,
farnesine, caryophyllene
Cypress, contains pinene, camphene
Deertongue, contains coumarin
Dill, contains carvone, limonene, eugenol, pinene, phellandrene (in
"dill water")
Elecampane, contains sesquiterpene lactones
Elemi, contains phellandrene, dipentene, carvone
Eucalyptus, Blue Gum, contains cineol, pinene, limonene, cymene,
phellandrene
Eucalyptus, Broad-leaved Peppermint, contains piperitone, phellandrene,
camphene, terpinene, thujune
Eucalyptus, Lemon-Scented Eucalyptus, contains citronellal,
citronellol, geranol, pinene
Fennel, contains anethole, limonene, phellandrene, pinenecamphene,
limonene (fenchone in some varieties)
Fir Needle, Silver Fir, contains santene, pinene, limonene, borneol,
bornyl acetate, lauraldehyde
Frankincense
(oleo gum resin), contains monoterpene hydrocarbons, e.g. pinene,
dipentene, limonene, thujene, phellandrine and also octanol
Galangal, contains pinene, cineol, eugenol also sesquiterpenes
Galbanum, contains pinene, cdinol, cadinene, myrcene
Gardenia, contains benzyl acetate, phenyl acetate, lnalol, terpineol
Garlic, contains allicin, allylpropyl sidulfide, diallyl disulfide,
citral, geraniol, linalol, phellandrene
Geranium, contains citronellol, geraniol, linalol menthone,
phellandrene, limonene
Ginger, contains gingerin, gingenol, gingerone, zingiberine, linalol,
camphene, phellandrene, citral, cineol, borneol
Grapefruit, contains limonene, cadinene, neral, geraniol and
fucocoumarins
Guaiacwood, contains guaiol, bulnesol, bulnesene, guaiene (in blood
tests)
Helichrysum, contains nerol, neryl acetate, geraniol, pinenelinalol,
sesquiterpenes, furfurol, eugenol
Hops, contains humulene, myrcene, caryophyllene, farnesene
Horseradish, contains isothiocyanate and phenylethyl isothiocyanate
from bruised plant
Hyacinth, contains phenylethyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid
Hyssop, contains pinocamphone, borneol, geranol, limonene, thujone,
myrcene, caryophyllene
Jaborandi
Jasmine
Juniper
Labdanum, Cistus ladaniferus, Cistaceae, contains pinene, camphene myrcene,
phellandrene, limonene, cineol, borneol, nerol, geraniol
Lavandin
Lavender, Spike Lavender
Lavender, True Lavender
Lemon, Citrus limon,
Rutaceae, contains limonene, terpinene, pinene, linalol, geraniol
Lemongrass,
Cymbopogon citratus (C. aurantifolia) Poaceae, lemongrass, citronella
grass, contains citral, myrcene linalol, geraniol, nerol, farnesol
Lime
Linaloe
Linden
Litsea Cubeba
Lovage
Mandarin
Marigold
Marjoram, Sweet Marjoram
Mastic (resin)
Melilotus
Mimosa
Mint, Cornmint
Mint. Peppermint
Mint, Spearmint
Mugwort, contains thujone cineol, pinene
Mustard
Myrrh (oleo gum resin), contains heerabolene, limonene, dipentene,
pinene, eugenol also resins and gums
Myrtle
Narcissus
Niaouli
Nutmeg
Oakmoss
Onion
Opopanax
Orange, Bitter Orange
Orange Blossom
Orange, Sweet Orange
Oregano, Common Orange
Oregano, Spanish Orange
Orris
Palmarosa
Parsley
Patchouli
Pennyroyal
Pepper, Black Pepper
Petitgrain
Pine, Dwarf Pine
Pine, Longleaf Pine
Pine, Scotch Pine
Rose, Cabbage Rose
Rose, Damask Rose
Rosemary
Rosewood
Rue
Sage, Clary Sage
Sage, Common Sage
Sage, Spanish Sage
Sandalwood
Santolina
Sassafras
Savine
Savory, Summer Savory
Savory, Winter Savory
Schinus Molle
Snakeroot
Spikenard
Spruce, Hemlock Spruce
Styrax, Levant Styrax
Tagetes
Tansy
Tarragon
Tea Tree
Turpentine (oleoresin)
Thuja
Thyme, Common Thyme
Tonka
Tuberose
Turmeric
Turpentine
Valerian
Vanilla
Verbena, Lemon Verbena
Vetiver
Violet
Wintergreen
Wormseed
Wormwood
Yarrow
Ylang Ylang
16.3.6.4, Alkaloids
produced by plants from
amino acids
Botanical, Name, Common, Name, Alkaloid or Main alkaloid (Use)
Aconitum napellus, monks hood, aconitine
Aesculus chinensis, horse chestnut, escin, aescin
Aloe vera, aloe, aloin, isobarbaloin, aloin, alomicin
Alpinia officinarum, galangal root, galangine
Anadenanthera peregrina, yopa, parica, bufotenine
Anhalonium lewinii, peyote cactus, mescaline
Areca catechu, areca, betel nut, arecoline
Artemisia annua, Artemisia absinthium wormwood,
artemisinine
Astragalus, locoweeds, swainsonine, miserotoxin
Atropa belladonna, deadly nightshade, belladonna, atropine,
hyoscyamine
Atropa mandrogora, European mandrake, atropine, hyoscyamine,
scopolamine
Brugmansia, deadly datura
Buxus microphylla, cyclovirobuxine
Camellia sinensis, green tea, theanine, caffeine
Camptotheca acuminata, camptotheca, camptothecine
Cannabis sativa, cannabis, hemp, THC, tetra hydrocannabinol
resin, also cannabis alkaloids
Capsicum frutescens, red pepper, capsaicine
Carthamus tinctoria, carthamus, carthamine
Catharanthus roseus, Madagascar periwinkle, vindoline,
catharanthine, vinblastine
Cephaelis ipecacuanha, ipecac, ipecacuanha, emetin
Cephalotaxus fortune, homoharringtonine
Chelidonium majus, celandine, chelerythrine, chelidonine
Cinchona officinalis, cincona,"quina" quinine
Chondodendron tomentosum, cuare, isoquinoline, D-tubocurarine
Cimum gratissimum, basil
Citrus aurantium, synephrine, oxedrine
Claviceps purpurea (Fungus) ergot, ergotamine (d-lysergic acid
amide) natural, LSD, d-lysergic acid diethylamide
Coffea arabica, coffee plant, caffeine, theobromine
Cola acuminata, kola nut, theobromine, caffeine
Colchicum autumnale, autumn crocus, meadow saffron, colchicine
Conium maculatum, hemlock, coniine
Cordyceps militaris, cordyceps sinensis, adenosine
Cytisus scoparius, Scotch broom, sparteine, cytisine
Datura stromonium, Jimson weed, thorn apple, atropine,
scopolamine
Dioscorea villosa, wild yam, diosgenine
Duboisia hopwoodii, pituri, tryptophan
Ephedra bronchodilator, ephedra, pseudoephedrine (isomer of
ephedrine)
Ephedra sinica, Ephedra coryi, Chinese ephedra, ephedra,
mormon tea, ephedrine
Erigeron breviscapus, breviscapine
Erythrina, coral tree, erythroidine
Erythroxylon, coca shrub, cocaine
Gentiana triflora, Chinese gentian, gentianine alkaloids
Humulus lupinus, hops, lupulin
Huperezia serrata, huperzine
Hydrastis cannadensis, golden seal, berberine, coptisine
Hyoscyamus niger, henbane, scopolamine, hyoscyamine
Hypericum perforatum, St., John's wort, klamath weed, hypericin
Ilex paraguariensis, yerba, mate, caffeine
Ipomea violacea, morning glory, natural, LSD
Lophophora williamsii, peyote cactus, mescaline
Lupinus, lupines, lupinine
Lycoris radiata, galanthamine
Macleayae, Cordatae, pink plume poppy, sanguinarine, bocconine
Mandragora officinarum, mandrake, atropine, hyoscyamine,
scopolamine
Momordica charantia, bitter melon, momordicine
Myristica nutmeg, myristicin
Nelumbo nucifera, lotus, liensinine
Nicotiana tabacum, tobacco plant, nicotine
Oxytropis, locoweeds, swainsonine, miserotoxin
Panax ginseng, ginseng, ginsenosides
Papaver somniferum, opium poppy, codeine, morphine
Paullinia cupana, guarana, caffeine
Phaseolus vulgaris, white kidney bean, phaseolamine
Piper nigrum, piper, piperine
Piper methysticum, kava, kavain
Rauvolfia viridis, Caribbean snakeroot, reserpine
Rhaponticum uniflorum, uniflower, Swiss centaury, polypodine
Ricinus communis, castor bean, ricinine
Sinomenium acutum, sinomenium, sinomenine
Solanum, nightshades, solanidine.
Sophora secundiflora, mescal bean, cytisine.
Sophora flavescens, kuhseng, oxymatrine, matrine
Spartium junceum, Spanish broom, sparteine
Strychnos nux-vomica, strychnine, bucine, poison
Swainsona, Darling pea, swainsonine, swainsonine-N-oxide
Symphytum officinale, comfrey, echinidine
Taxus baccata, English yew, taxine
Theobroma cacao, cocoa, theobromine
Trichocereus pachanoi, Trichocereus peruvianus, San
Pedro cactus, mescaline
Uncaria tomentosa, cat's claw, una de gato, seratonin,
tryptophan and others
Veratrum, corn lily, false helibore, solanine
Zigadenus venenosus, death camas
Drugs from, Plants
Ethnobotany and, Chemistry
There are over a hundred chemical substances that have been derived
from plants for use as drugs and medicines., This is by no means a
comprehensive list of all of the plants, names of chemicals, or uses
for those chemicals, but it should serve as a useful starting point for
further research., For your convenience, I have listed the common name
of a plant next to its scientific name., Be advised that common names
are very imprecise and often assigned to completely different plants,
so use the scientific name when looking for additional information
concerning a plant.
Drug/Chemical, Action, Plant, Source
Acetyldigoxin, Cardiotonic Digitalis
lanata (Grecian foxglove, woolly foxglove)
Adoniside, Cardiotonic Adonis
vernalis (pheasant's eye, red chamomile)
Aescin, Antiinflammatory Aesculus
hippocastanum (horse chestnut)
Aesculetin, Antidysentery Frazinus
rhychophylla
Agrimophol, Anthelmintic Agrimonia
supatoria
Ajmalicine, Treatment for circulatory
disorders Rauvolfia sepentina
Allantoin, Vulnerary, Several plants
Allyl isothiocyanate, Rubefacient
Brassica nigra (black mustard)
Anabesine, Skeletal muscle relaxant
Anabasis sphylla
Andrographolide, Baccillary
dysentery Andrographis paniculata
Anisodamine, Anticholinergic
Anisodus tanguticus
Arecoline, Anthelmintic Areca
catechu (betel nut palm)
Asiaticoside, Vulnerary Centella
asiatica (gotu cola)
Atropine, Anticholinergic Atropa
belladonna (deadly nightshade)
Benzyl benzoate, Scabicide, Several
plants
Berberine, Bacillary
dysentery Berberis vulgaris (common barberry)
Bergenin, Antitussive Ardisia
japonica (marlberry)
Betulinic acid, Anticancerous Betula
alba (common birch)
Borneol, Antipyretic, analgesic,
antiinflammatory, Several plants
Bromelain, Antiinflammatory,
proteolytic Ananas comosus (pineapple)
Caffeine, CNS stimulant Camellia
sinensis (tea, also coffee, cocoa and other plants)
Camphor, Rubefacient Cinnamomum
camphora (camphor tree)
Camptothecin, Anticancerous
Camptotheca acuminata
(+), Catechin, Hemostatic Potentilla
fragarioides
Chymopapain, Proteolytic, mucolytic
Carica papaya (papaya)
Cissampeline, Skeletal muscle
relaxant Cissampelos pareira (velvet leaf)
Cocaine, Local anaesthetic
Erythroxylum coca (coca plant)
Codeine, Analgesic, antitussive
Papaver somniferum (poppy)
Colchiceine amide, Antitumor agent
Colchicum autumnale (autumn crocus)
Convallatoxin, Cardiotonic
Convallaria majalis (lily-of-the-valley)
Curcumin, Choleretic Curcuma longa
(turmeric)
Cynarin, Choleretic Cynara scolymus
(artichoke)
Danthron, Laxative Cassia Spp.
Demecolcine, Antitumor agent
Colchicum autumnale (autumn crocus)
Deserpidine, Antihypertensive,
tranquilizer Rauvolfia canescens
Deslanoside, Cardiotonic Digitalis
lanata (Grecian foxglove, woolly foxglove)
L-Dopa, Anti-parkinsonism Mucuna Spp. (nescafe, cowage,
velvetbean)
Digoxin, Cardiotonic Digitalis
purpurea (purple or common foxglove)
Emetine, Amoebicide, emetic
Cephaelis ipecacuanha
Ephedrine, Sympathomimetic,
antihistamine Ephedra sinica (ephedra, ma huang)
Etoposide, Antitumor agent
Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple)
Galanthamine, Cholinesterase
inhibitor Lycoris squamigera (magic lily,
resurrection lily, naked lady)
Gitalin, Cardiotonic Digitalis
purpurea (purple or common foxglove)
Glaucarubin, Amoebicide Simarouba
glauca (paradise tree)
Glaucine, Antitussive Glaucium
flavum (yellow hornpoppy, horned poppy, sea poppy)
Glasiovine, Antidepressant Octea
glaziovii
Glycyrrhizin, Sweetener, treatment for, Addison's
disease Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice)
Gossypol, Male contraceptive
Gossypium Spp. (cotton)
Hemsleyadin, Treatment for bacillary
dysentery Hemsleya amabilis
Hesperidin, Treatment for capillary
fragility Citrus Spp. (e.g. oranges)
Hydrastine, Hemostatic, astringent
Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal)
Hyoscyamine, Anticholinergic
Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane, stinking nightshade, henpin)
Irinotecan, Anticancer, antitumor
agent Camptotheca acuminata
Kaibic acud, Ascaricide Digenea
simplex (wireweed)
Kawain, Tranquilizer Piper
methysticum (kava kava)
Kheltin, Bronchodilator Ammi visaga
Lanatosides, A B C, Cardiotonic
Digitalis lanata (Grecian foxglove, woolly foxglove)
Lapachol, Anticancer, antitumor
Tabebuia species (trumpet tree)
a-Lobeline, Smoking deterrant, respiratory
stimulant Lobelia inflata (Indian tobacco)
Menthol, Rubefacient Mentha species
(mint)
Methyl salicylate, Rubefacient
Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen)
Monocrotaline, Topical antitumor
agent Crotalaria sessiliflora
Morphine, Analgesic Papaver
somniferum (poppy)
Neoandrographolide Dysentery Andrographis paniculata
Nicotine, Insecticide Nicotiana
tabacum (tobacco)
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid,
Antioxidant Larrea divaricata (creosote bush)
Noscapine, Antitussive Papaver
somniferum (poppy)
Ouabain, Cardiotonic Strophanthus
gratus (ouabain tree)
Pachycarpine, Oxytocic Sophora
pschycarpa
Palmatine, Antipyretic, detoxicant
Coptis japonica (Chinese goldenthread, goldthread, Huang-Lia)
Papain, Proteolytic, mucolytic
Carica papaya (papaya)
Papavarine, Smooth muscle relaxant
Papaver somniferum (opium poppy, common poppy)
Phyllodulcin, Sweetener Hydrangea
macrophylla (bigleaf hydrangea, French hydrangea)
Physostigmine, Cholinesterase
inhibitor Physostigma venenosum (Calabar bean)
Picrotoxin, Analeptic Anamirta
cocculus (fish berry)
Pilocarpine, Parasympathomimetic
Pilocarpus jaborandi (jaborandi, Indian hemp)
Pinitol, Expectorant, Several plants
(e.g. Bougainvillea)
Podophyllotoxin, Antitumor, anticancer
agent Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple)
Protoveratrines, A B
Antihypertensives Veratrum album (white false
hellebore)
Pseudoephredrine, Sympathomimetic
Ephedra sinica (ephedra, ma huang)
Quinidine, Antiarrhythmic Cinchona
ledgeriana (quinine tree)
Quinine, Antimalarial, antipyretic
Cinchona ledgeriana (quinine tree)
Qulsqualic acid, Anthelmintic
Quisqualis indica (Rangoon creeper, drunken sailor)
Rescinnamine, Antihypertensive,
tranquilizer Rauvolfia serpentina
Reserpine, Antihypertensive,
tranquilizer Rauvolfia serpentina
Rhomitoxin, Antihypertensive,
tranquilizer Rhododendron molle (rhododendron)
Rorifone, Antitussive Rorippa indica
Rotenone, Piscicide, Insecticide
Lonchocarpus nicou
Rotundine, Analagesic, sedative,
traquilizer Stephania sinica
Rutin, Treatment for capillary
fragility, Citrus species (e.g., orange, grapefruit)
Salicin, Analgesic Salix alba (white
willow)
Sanguinarine, Dental plaque
inhibitor Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot)
Santonin, Ascaricide Artemisia
maritma (wormwood)
Scillarin, A, Cardiotonic Urginea
maritima (squill)
Scopolamine, Sedative Datura species
(e.g., Jimsonweed)
Sennosides, A B, Laxative Cassia
species (cinnamon)
Silymarin, Antihepatotoxic Silybum
marianum (milk thistle)
Sparteine, Oxytocic Cytisus
scoparius (scotch broom)
Stevioside, Sweetener Stevia
rebaudiana (stevia)
Strychnine, CNS stimulant Strychnos
nux-vomica (poison nut tree)
Taxol, Antitumor agent Taxus
brevifolia (Pacific yew)
Teniposide, Antitumor agent
Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple or mandrake)
a-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Antiemetic, decreases
occular tension Cannabis sativa (marijuana)
Tetrahydropalmatine, Analgesic, sedative,
tranquilizer Corydalis ambigua
Tetrandrine, Antihypertensive
Stephania tetrandra
Theobromine, Diuretic, vasodilator
Theobroma cacao (cocoa)
Theophylline, Diuretic,
bronchodilator Theobroma cacao and others (cocoa, tea)
Thymol, Topical antifungal Thymus
vulgaris (thyme)
Topotecan, Antitumor, anticancer
agent Camptotheca acuminata
Trichosanthin, Abortifacient
Trichosanthes kirilowii (snake gourd)
Tubocurarine, Skeletal muscle
relaxant Chondodendron tomentosum (curare vine)
Valapotriates, Sedative Valeriana
officinalis (valerian)
Vasicine, Cerebral stimulant Vinca
minor (periwinkle)
Vinblastine, Antitumor, Antileukemic
agent Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle)
Yohimbine, Aphrodisiac Pausinystalia
yohimbe (yohimbe)
Yuanhuacine, Abortifacient Daphne
genkwa (lilac)