Appendix C, Chemistry
2012-02-07 SP
Please send comments to: J.Elfick@uq.edu.au
Table of contents
15.1.0 Chemicals, Lists of chemicals
15.2.0 Health effects of chemicals
15.3.0 Laboratory safety and hazardous chemicals
15.1.0 Chemicals, Lists of chemicals
1.1 Acids, List of mineral acids
1.2 Acids, List of organic acids
1.3 Adhesives, List of adhesives
1.4 Alcohols, List of alcohols
1.5 Aldehydes, List of aldehydes, -CHO, suffix -al
1.6 Amides, List of amides
1.7 Amines, List of amines, amino, -NH2
1.8 Bromo-compounds organic, List of bromo-compounds
1.9 Chlorides, List of chlorides
1.10 Chloro-compounds organic
1.11 Carbonates, List of carbonates
1.12 Esters, List of esters
1.13 Ethers, List of ethers
1.14 Heavy metals, List of heavy metal compounds
1.15 Hydrides, List of hydrides
1.16 Ketones, List of ketones
1.17 Metals, List of active metals
1.18 Metals, List of metal powders
1.19 Nitrates, List of nitrates
1.20 Oxidants, List of oxidants
1.21 Redox indicators, List of redox indicators
1.22 Reductants, List of chemical reductants
1.23 Sulfates, List of sulfates
1.24 Sulfides, List of sulfides
1.25 Sulfites, List of sulfites
1.26 Thiosulfates, List of thiosulfates (not containing heavy metal ions, e.g. lead thiosulfate)
15.2.0 Health effects of chemicals
15.2.0 Health effects of chemicals
15.2.1 Extremely toxic substances
15.2.1.1 Highly toxic substances
15.2.1.2 Very toxic substances
15.2.2 Toxic substances
15.2.3 Harmful substances
15.2.4 Corrosive substances
15.2.5 Irritant substances
15.2.6 Sensitizing substances, (Sensitizing by inhalation) (Sensitizing by skin contact)
15.2.7 Carcinogenic substances
15.2.8 Mutagenic substances
15.2.9 Environment danger from substances
15.3.0 Laboratory safety and hazardous chemicals
15.10.0 Chemicals Not permitted in schools
15.9.0 Cryogenic solids and liquids
15.1.1 Dust explosion
15.7.0 Flammable organic chemicals
15.8.0 Flammable organic chemicals with low flashpoint below 32oC
15.1.0 Hazard classifications: Explosive, Flammable, Oxidizing, Poison, Harmful, Corrosive, Irritant
15.5.0 Hazard classifications used by New South Wales Department of Education and Training, (DET), Australia
5.0.0 Health hazards, (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
15.6.0 Toxicity, High toxicity chemicals, Dr Hugh Cartwright, Chemistry Department, Oxford University, UK
Topic 3 Laboratory safety
4.0.0 Physical hazards (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
1.1 Acids, List of mineral acids
Aqua regia, (HNO3 + HCl)
Chloric acid, HClO3
Chromic acid, chromic (VI) acid, chromium (VI) oxide, H2CrO4
Hydriodic acid, HI
Hydrobromic acid, HBr
Hydrochloric acid, HCl
Hydrogen fluoride, HF, hydrofluoric acid
Nitric acid, HNO3
Oleum, fuming sulfuric acid, H2SO4
Perchloric acid, HClO4
Periodic acid, Toxic by all routes, explosive mixture with combustibles or organic compounds
Phosphoric acid
Sulfuric acid, H2SO4
1.2 Acids, List of organic acids
Acetic acid, ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
Acroleic acid, acrylic acid, CH2CHCO2H
Adipic acid, hexandioic acid, HOOC(CH2)4COOH, (CH2)4(COOH)2
Ascorbic acid, C6H8O6
Benzenesulfonic acid, C7H6O2, C6H5COOH
Benzoic acid, benzenecarboxylic acid, phenylformic acid, C6H5COOH
Butanoic acid, butyric acid, n-butyric acid, C3H7COOH
Butanedioic acid, C4H6O4, succinic acid
Cinnamic acid, C9H10O2, C6H5CH:CHCOOH
Citric acid, C6H8O7, CH2.COOH.HO.C.COOH.CH2COOH
Dichloroacetic acid, DCA, dichloroethanoic acid, CHCl2COOH
Decanoic acid, capric acid, CH3(CH2)8COOH
Dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid. C18H30O3S
Formic acid, methanoic acid, HCOOH
Fumaric acid, trans-butanedioic acid, HCOOHC:CHCOOH
Gibberellic acid, (GA3), C19H22O6
Indole-3-acetic acid, 3-indolacetic acid, indol-3-yl-ethanoic acid, C10H9NO2
Lactic acid, C3H6O3, CH3CHOHCOOH
Lauric acid, dodecanoic acid, CH3(CH3)10COOH
Linoleic acid, (C17H31COOH)
Maleic acid, butenedioic acid, cis-butane-1,4-dioic acid, C4H4O4, HCOOHC:CHCOOH
Malic acid, C4H60O5, HO2CCH2CHOHCO2H
Malonic acid, propanedioic acid, CH2(COOH)2
Oleic acid, CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Oxalic acid, C2H2O4.2H2O, ethanedioic acid
Propanoic acid, CH3CH2COOH
Salicyclic acid, C6H4(OH)COOH, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid
Stearic acid, octadecanoic acid, C18H36O2, CH3(CH2)16COOH
Sulfamic acid, NH2.SO2OH
Tannic acid, tannin, C76H52O46, (Some chemists do not regard tannic acid as an acid.)
Tartaric acid, C4H6O6, (CHOH)2(COOH)2, 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
Trichloroacetic acid, trichlorethanoic acid, C2HCl3O2, CCl3COOH
1.3 Adhesives, List of adhesives
Adhesive, paper glue, "Bostik"
Adhesive, rubber solution, cow gum, contact or shoe glue
Animal glues
Building adhesives, liquid nails, max bond
Contact cement
Ethyl cyanoacrylate, "Superglue", BE CAREFUL! Do not squirt in the eye!
Epoxy resins are the uncured resins used for fibreglass. They may contain Isocyanate residues that are strong irritants to the eye nose and respiratory organs.
Hot melt adhesives
PVA, "Aquadhere"
Resorcinol, spray adhesives
Starch gums
Urea / formaldehyde, "Araldite"
Wall paper adhesive
Woodworking adhesive, wood glue, "Aquadhere"
1.4 Alcohols, List of alcohols
Allyl alcohol, CH2:CHCH2OH, prop-2-en-1-ol, 2-propen-1-ol, Highly toxic by all routes
Butan-l-ol, butanol, butyl alcohol, (C4H9OH): 16.1.3.B
Butan-2-ol, butanol, butyl alcohol, (C4H9OH): 16.1.3.B
n-butyl alcohol
tert-butyl alcohol, (CH3)3COH, 2-methyl-2-propanol, tert-butanol, 2-methylpropan-2-ol, Harmful by all routes, flammable
Cetyl alcohol, CH3(CH2)14CH2OH, hexadecan-1-ol
Cyclohexanol, C6H11OH, hexahydrophenol, cyclohexyl alcohol, hexahydrobenzene, hexalin
Dodecanol, CH3(CH2)11OH, lauryl alcohol, dodecan-1-ol, n-dodecanol, Irritant
Ethanol
Hexan-1-ol, 1-hexanol, hexyl alcohol, n-hexanol, CH3(CH2)5OH, (in pharmaceutical preparations), Toxic by all routes, flammable
Isoamyl alcohol, 3-methylbutanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, (CH3)2CHCH2CH2OHToxic by all routes, Flammable
Isobutyl alcohol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, isopropyl carbinol, (CH3)2CHCH2OH
Isopentyl alcohol,  isoamyl alcohol, (CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH
Isopropyl alcohol, isopropanol, propan-2-ol, 2-propanol, rubbing alcohol, (IPA), (CH3)2CHOH
Methanol
Methylated spirits
Octanol, CH3(CH2)7OH, 1-octanol, octyl alcohol, n-octyl alcohol, octan-1-ol, caprylic alcohol, Flammable
Palmityl alcohol, hexadecan-1-ol, cetyl alcohol, 1-hexadecanol, CH3(CH2)15OH
Pentan-1-ol, 1-pentanol, pentyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol, normal amyl alcohol, C5H12O, Toxic by all routes, Flammable
Pentan-2-ol, 2-pentanol, sec-amyl alcohol, methyl (n) propyl carbinol, C5H12O, Toxic by all routes, Flammable
Stearyl alcohol, octadecan-1-ol, octadecyl alcohol,  1-octadecanol, C18H38O
1.5 Aldehydes, List of aldehydes
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein, prop-2-enal, Toxic by all routes
Benzaldehyde, C6H5CHO, benzenecarbaldehyde, Harmful by all routes
Butyraldehyde
Chloral, trichloroacetaldehyde, Harmful if ingested, Not permitted in schools
Formaldehyde solution, formalin
Metaldehyde
Paraldehyde
Propionaldehyde, propanal, propyl aldehyde, Toxic by all routes, Highly flammable, suffocating odour
1.6 Amides, List of amides
Acetamide
Acrylamide, acrylic amide, 2-propenamide, ethylene carboxamide, vinyl amide, Toxic if ingested
Benzamide, C6H5CONH2, Harmful if ingested
N,N, dimethylformamide
Sulfanilamide
1.7 Amines, List of amines
1-aminopropane, n-propyl amine
1,2-diaminoethane, ethylenediamine, Toxic by all routes, corrosive
Aniline, C6H5NH2, Not permitted in schools
ButylamineN-(2-aminoethyl)-1-naphthylamine
Diethylamine, Toxic by all routes, Irritant, strongly alkaline
Dimethylamine, secondary amine, (CH3)2NH
Ethylamine, Toxic if ingested, Irritant
Ethylenediamine, 1,2-diaminoethane, Toxic by all routes, Corrosive
Naphthylamine, 1-naphthylamine, C10H7NH2, alpha-naphthylamine, Extremely toxic, possible carcinogen, Not permitted in schools
N,N'diethyl-p-phenylenediamine
Tolidine, o-tolidine, 3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diamine, Highly toxic if ingested, carcinogenic impurities, Not permitted in schools
Triethanolamine, C6H15NO3, Harmful if ingested, skin irritant, avoid vapours
1.8 Bromo-compounds, organic, List of bromo-compounds
1-bromobutane, n-butyl bromide
1-bromopropane, n-propyl bromide, Solution < 25%
2-bromo-2-methyl propane, tert-butylbromide, Harmful by all routes
2-bromobutane, sec-butyl bromide
2-bromopropane, Isopropyl bromide
2-bromopropene, allyl bromide
2,4-dinitrobromobenzene
2-bromo-2-methylpropane
3-bromopropene, allyl bromide, CH2:CHCH2Br, 1-bromoprop-2-ene, acrid smell, Toxic by all routes
4-bromophenol
4-bromoacetanilide
Allyl bromide
Alpha-bromotoluene, benzyl bromide
Benzyl bromide, alpha-bromotoluene, Highly toxic by all routes
Brominated flame retardants, (BFRs): 3.0.5
Bromoacetic acid
Bromobenzene, solution <20%, Not hazardous
Bromobutane
Bromochloromethane
Bromocresol green, (bromocresol blue), indicator, 0.1% solution, yellow at pH < 3.8, blue at pH 5.4
Bromocresol purple, 2.2, bromcresol purple, acid-base indicator
Bromoeosin, eosin
Bromoform, tribromomethane, ( use < 50 mL), Harmful by all routes, eye / lung Irritant, Halogen compounds: 16.2.2 (See 2.)
Bromohexane
Bromomethane
Bromomethylbenzene, benzyl bromide
Bromophenol, 4-bromophenol
Bromophenol blue, 1.7, bromphenol blue, 2-bromo-2-methylbutane, t-butyl bromide, Acid-base indicator: 5.53.1.1
Bromophenol red
Bromopropane
Bromothymol blue, Toxic if ingested, 0.01% in 20% ethanol solution, yellow at pH < 2.8, blue at pH > 4.6: 5.6.3
Bromotoluene
Dibromomethane, Toxic by all routes
Dibromopropane
p-bromoacetanilide
1.9 Chlorides, List of chlorides
Aluminium chloride
Ammonium copper (II) chloride, tetrammine copper (II) chloride
Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, sal ammoniac, Harmful if ingested
Antimony (III) chloride, SbCl3, antimonous chloride, antimony trichloride, butter of antimony, Harmful, Corrosive
Barium chloride
Beryllium chloride, Highly toxic, Not permitted in schools
Bismuth (III) chloride, BiCl3, bismuth chloride, bismuth trichloride, Harmful if ingested
Cadmium chloride, AAS Solution, cadmium chloride std, Not permitted in schools
Calcium chloride
Cerium chloride, cerium (III) chloride heptahydrate, Harmful if ingested
Caesium chloride, cesium chloride, Harmful if ingested
Calcium hypochlorite, chlorinated lime
Chlorine
Chromyl chloride
Cobalt (II) chloride, cobalt chloride, cobaltous chloride, Harmful if ingested
Copper (II) chloride
Germanium (IV) chloride, germanium tetrachloride, Toxic by all routes, Highly corrosive, violent reaction with water
Iron (III) chloride anhydrous, FeCl3, ferric chloride anhydrous, Toxic by all route
Lead (II) chloride, PbCl2, lead chloride, Highly toxic by all routes
Lithium chloride, LiCl, lithium chloride anhydrous, very hygroscopic, lithium chloride hydrated, Toxic if ingested
Magnesium chloride
Manganese (II) chloride, manganese chloride, Toxic if ingested
Mercury (I) chloride, Low toxicity
Mercury (II) chloride, Highly toxic if ingested or absorbed through skin
Nickel (II) chloride, Toxic if ingested, carcinogenic, allergic reaction,
Phosphorus (III) chloride, phosphorus trichloride
Phosphorus (V) chloride, PCl5, phosphorus pentachloride
Potassium chloride, KCl, Toxic if ingested
Silicon tetrachloride, Highly toxic by all routes, irritating fumes
Silver chloride
Sodium chloride
Strontium (II) chloride, SrCl2, strontium dichloride, (detected with flame test), Harmful if ingested
Sulfur dichloride with water forms hydrogen chloride gas in a violent reaction.
Thallium (I) chloride, thallium chloride, Extremely toxic if ingested or absorbed through skin, cumulative poison, Not permitted in schools
Tin (II) chloride, stannous chloride, Harmful if ingested
Tin (IV) chloride, Harmful if ingested, corrosive
Titanium tetrachloride, Toxic by all routes
Zinc chloride anhydrous, ZnCl2, zinc (II) chloride anhydrous, Harmful if ingested, corrosive to skin, eyes
1.10 Chloro-compounds, List of chloro-compounds
1-chlorobutane, C4H9Cl, butyl chloride, chlorobutane, n-butyl chloride, Highly flammable, Toxic by all routes
1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane, C2H3Cl3, Irritant, environmental danger, harmful if inhaled, ozone-depleting chemical being phased out
1,2-dichloroethane, C2H4Cl2, ethylene dichloride, dichloroethylene, Freon 150, Toxic, highly flammable
2-chlorotoluene, benzyl chloride
2,2-dichlorodiethyl ether, dichloroether, dichlorodiethyl ether, Toxic by all routes, Not permitted in schools
2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene
2,6-dichlorophenol, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, dichloroindophenol, dichlorophenol, DCPIP, DIP, Toxic if ingested
3-chloropropane, allyl chloride
3,3-dichlorobenzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine, dichlorobiphenyl-4,4'-diamine, Toxic by all routes, Not permitted in schools
Acetyl chloride, ethanoyl chloride, (low flash point, below 32oC), Toxic by all routes
Adipyl chloride, C6H8Cl2O2, adipoyl chloride, hexanedioly dichloride, Toxic by all routes
Allyl chloride, CH2:CHCH2Cl, 3-chloropropene, (plastics production) Toxic by all routes
Aniline hydrochloride
Benzoyl chloride
Benzyl chloride butyl chloride
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorethene, vinyl chloride
Chloroacetic acid, chloroethanoic acid, monochloroacetic acid (use small quantities < 10 mL)
Chloroacetic acid, solution < 0.2%, Not hazardous
Chloroacetic anhydride
Chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl, monochlorobenzene, Toxic by all routes
Chlorobenzene, Solution < 5%, Not hazardous
Chloroethane, C2H5Cl, ethyl chloride
Chlorofluorcarbons, CFCs, freon
Chloroform, CHCl3, trichloromethane, Toxic by all routes (1888), Not permitted in schools
Chloroform, Prepare trichloromethane: 16.1.14,
Chloromethane, CH3Cl, methyl chloride, Methane with chlorine: 16.1.1a.2,
Chloromethylbenzene, benzyl chloride
Chloromethyldimethylsilane
Chlorophenol, C6H4ClOH, p-chlorophenol, Phenols: 16.1.3.2, | See diagram 16.1.4.4: 2,4,6 chlorophenol
Chlorophenol red, acid-base indicator,
Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b: 16.3.5.2.3,
Chloroplatinic acid, platinic chloride, (dust may trigger asthma, skin sensitivity)
Chloroprene, CH2CClCH:CH2, 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene, (make elastomeric polymers and copolymers, synthetic rubber)
Chlorosulfonic acid, Toxic by all routes
Chlorotoluene
Chlorous acid, HClO2
Chlorpromazine
Dichloroacetic acid, dichloroethanoic acid, DCA, CHCl2COOH, Toxic by all routes, Vapour irritates lungs
Dichlorobenzene
Dichloromethane, CH2Cl2, methylene chloride, Freon 30, Toxic by all routes, possibly carcinogenic
Indophenol
Sebacoyl chloride
Trichloroethanoic acid, trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroethane, CH3CCl3, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, methyl chloroform, Toxic if ingested
Trichlorethylene, trichlorethene, Toxic if ingested or inhaled, carcinogenic
1.11 Carbonates, List of carbonates
Ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3, Harmful if swallowed or inhaled, irritates skin, eyes, respiratory tract: 3.33.2.1
Barium carbonate
Bismuth carbonate, bismuth subcarbonate, Harmful if ingested
Cadmium carbonate, Not permitted in schools
Calcium carbonate
Cobalt (II) carbonate (basic), (blue glaze for craft, for spectral analysis with flame test for cobalt), Harmful if ingested
Copper (II) carbonate
Lead (II) carbonate, PbCO3, lead carbonate, lead carbonate basic, white lead ore, cerussite, ceruse, Highly toxic by all routes
Lithium carbonate, Li2CO3 for craft, flux, glaze, tranquillizer for mental disorders, white solid, Toxic if ingested, skin irritant
Magnesium carbonate
Nickel (II) carbonate, basic hydrate, nickel carbonate pigment, Toxic if ingested, allergic reaction
Potassium carbonate, K2CO3, skin irritant, toxic if ingested
Potassium hydrogen carbonate, KHCO3, potassium bicarbonate
Sodium carbonate
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Strontium carbonate, SrCO3, Strontianite mineral, Harmful if ingested, skin irritant
Zinc carbonate, ZnCO3, Harmful if ingested
1.12 Esters, List of esters
n-amyl acetate
Ethyl acetate, ethyl ethanoate
Ethyl benzoate, Toxic if ingested, Flammable
Ethyl cinnamate, 3-phenylpropenoate, Toxic, Flammable
Ethyl formate, ethyl ethanoate, Toxic by all routes, Highly flammable
Ethyl propionate, ethyl propanoate, Toxic by all routes, flammable
Isoamyl acetate
Methyl acetate, methyl ethanoate, Toxic by all routes, Highly flammable, skin irritant
Methyl benzoate, C6H5COOCH3, Toxic if ingested
Methyl methacrylate, CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3, 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid methyl ester, methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate, Toxic by all routes
Methyl salicyclate, C6H4OHCO.OCH3
Phenyl benzoate, Toxic if ingested, skin irritant, flammable
Phenyl salicylate, phenyl-2-hydroxybenzoate, salol, Toxic if ingested, flammable
Propyl acetate, propyl ethanoate, n-propyl acetate, Toxic by all routes, Highly flammable
1.13 Ethers, List of ethers
2,2-dichlorodiethyl ether, dichloroether, dichlorodiethyl ether, Toxic by all routes, Not permitted in schools
2-ethoxyethanol, ethyl cellosolve, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
2-methoxyethanol, ethylene glycol monomethylene ether, methyl cellosolve, Toxic by all routes
AnIsole, CH3OC6H5, methyoxybenzene, smells like anise seed, Harmful if ingested
Diethyl ether, C2H5OC2H5, Toxic by all routes, Not permitted in schools
Phenetole, ethoxybenzene, use in fume cupboard or < 10 g in cross ventilation, Toxic by all routes
1.14 Heavy metals, List of heavy metal compounds
Antimony compounds
Arsenic compounds
Barium compounds
Beryllium compounds
Bismuth compounds
Cadmium compounds
Chromium compounds
Chromates
Cobalt compounds
Copper compounds
Dichromates, Cr2O72-
Lead compounds
Manganese compounds
Mercury compounds, Mercuric salts, Not permitted in schools
Molybdenum compounds
Nickel compounds
Selenium compounds
Silver compounds
Thallium compounds
Tellurium compounds
Tin compounds
Uranium compounds
Vanadium compounds
1.15 Hydrides, List of hydrides
Calcium hydride, hydrolith, Toxic if ingested or by skin contact
Lithium aluminium hydride, lithium tetrahydroaluminate, Toxic by all routes, Not permitted in schools
Lithium hydride, Toxic by all routes, fine particles mixed with air is explosive, reacts violently with water to form dangerous hydrogen
Sodium hydride, Highly toxic if ingested, corrosive to skin
1.16 Ketones, List of ketones
Ketones, Group: (>C=O), Suffix: -one: 16.3.8
Acetone, CH3COCH3, O=C(CH3)2, (2-propanone, dimethyl ketone), Harmful, highly flammable
Cyclohexanone, C6H10O, 2, 4-DNP Hydrazone, Toxic by all routes, flammable,
Ethyl methyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone, (CH3)2CHCH2COCH3, 4-methylpentan-2-one, hexone, solvent, Toxic by all routes, highly flammable
Pentan-2-one, methyl propyl ketone, Toxic by all routes, Highly flammable
Pentan-3-one, diethyl ketone, Toxic by all routes, Highly flammable
1.17 Metals, List of active metals
Calcium
Lithium
Magnesium
Potassium
Sodium
Strontium
1.18 Metal powders, List of metal powders
Aluminium
Beryllium
Iron
Magnesium
Nickel
Selenium
Zinc
1.19 Nitrates, List of nitrates
Aluminium nitrate, AAS Solution, hydrated aluminium nitrate, Harmful if ingested
Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, (OXD 1942)
Barium nitrate, barium (II) nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, nitrobarite, Oxidizing
Calcium nitrate
Cobalt (II) nitrate (hexahydrate), Co(NO3)2.6H2O, cobalt (II) nitrate hydrated, cobaltous nitrate, cobalt nitrate, (OXD 1477), Harmful if ingested
Copper (II) nitrate
Iron (II) nitrate
Iron (III) nitrate, nonahydrate, Fe(NO3)3.9H2O, oxidizing, Toxic if ingested, skin irritant, explosive mixture with combustibles or organics
Lead (II) nitrate, lead nitrate, Highly toxic by all routes, cumulative poison, Oxidizing, Environment danger
Lithium nitrate, Toxic if ingested, explosive mixture with combustibles or organic compounds
Magnesium nitrate, Toxic if ingested
Mercury (I) nitrate, mercurous nitrate dihydrate, low toxicity if pure chemical ingested
Mercury (II) nitrate monohydrate, mercuric nitrate, Highly toxic if ingested, cumulative poison
Nickel (II) nitrate, nickel nitrate, Toxic if ingested, allergic reaction
Potassium nitrate
1.20 Oxidants, List of oxidants
Aluminium nitrate, AAS Solution, hydrated aluminium nitrate, Harmful if ingested
Ammonium chlorate, Toxic, Explosive
Ammonium dichromate, (NH4)2Cr2O7, ammonium dichromate (VI), (NOT "ammonium bichromate"
Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, (OXD 1942), Toxic if ingested
Ammonium perchlorate, Toxic if ingested, Explosive, Not permitted in schools
Ammonium persulfate, (NH4)2S2O8, ammonium peroxydisulfate, Toxic if ingested
Aqua regia
Barium nitrate, barium (II) nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, nitrobarite, Oxidizing
Barium peroxide, BaO2, barium dioxide, bleaching agent
Benzoyl peroxide, C14H10O4, dibenzoyl peroxide, Harmful by skin contact, highly flammable, Not permitted in schools
Calcium hypochlorite
Calcium nitrate
Chromium (IV) oxide, CrO2, insoluble black powder
Cobalt (II) nitrate (hexahydrate), Co(NO3)2.6H2O, cobalt (II) nitrate hydrated, cobaltous nitrate, cobalt nitrate, (OXD 1477), Harmful if ingested
Hydrogen peroxide
Iron (II) nitrate
Lauryl peroxide, di(docecanoyl) peroxide, dilauroyl peroxide, Toxic if ingested
Lead (II) nitrate, lead nitrate, Highly toxic by all routes, cumulative poison, Oxidizing, Environment danger
Lead (IV) oxide, PbO2, lead dioxide, lead peroxide, Highly toxic by all routes, Cumulative poison
Lithium nitrate, Toxic if ingested, explosive mixture with combustibles or organic compounds
Magnesium nitrate, Toxic if ingested
Magnesium perchlorate, Mg(ClO4)2, Toxic if ingested, Corrosive to skin, Violently explodes with many materials, Not permitted in schools
MEKP, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
Nickel (II) nitrate, nickel nitrate, Toxic if ingested, allergic reaction
Nitric acid
Oxygen gas
Perchloric acid, HClO4
Periodic acid, Toxic by all routes, explosive mixture with combustibles or organic compounds
Potassium bromate, Toxic if ingested, skin irritant, powerful oxidizing agent, explosive mixture with combustibles or organic compounds
Potassium chlorate, KClO3, spontaneous combustion, Not permitted in schools
Potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7, potassium bichromate (VI), Toxic, Corrosive, Oxidizing, Not permitted in schools
Potassium hydrogen phosphate, K2HPO4, potassium hydrogen orthophosphate, potassium phosphate dibasic, Toxic if ingested
Potassium iodate (V), KIO3, potassium iodate (V), powder, potassium iodate, Toxic if ingested, may ignite with combustibles or organic compounds
Potassium nitrate, powerful oxidizing agent and forms explosive mixtures with most combustible materials
Potassium nitrite, KNO2, potassium nitrite (III), Toxic if ingested
Potassium perchlorate, Toxic if ingested, skin irritant, Violent explosive mixture with combustibles, Not permitted in schools
Potassium permanganate, KMnO4, potassium manganate (VII), Toxic if ingested
Potassium persulfate, potassium peroxydisulfate, Toxic if ingested, skin irritant, mixture with combustibles burns fiercely, solid decomposes on standing
Silver nitrate, AgNO3, Toxic if ingested, stains skin and clothing black, corrosive to skin and eyes
Sodium chlorate, NaClO3, Not permitted in schools
Sodium cobaltinitrite, Na3Co(NO2)6, yellow to brown crystals or powder, solution decomposes unless acetic acid added, Harmful
Sodium dichromate, Highly toxic if ingested, or skin absorption, carcinogenic
Sodium iodate (VII), sodium periodate, Harmful if ingested, may ignite with combustibles or organic compounds
Sodium nitrite, Toxic if ingested
Sodium perchlorate, Toxic if ingested, corrosive to skin, Not permitted in schools
Sodium peroxide, Toxic if ingested, corrosive to skin, explosive mixtures with combustibles and organic compounds, Not permitted in schools
Strontium nitrate, Harmful if ingested, explosive mixtures with combustibles of organic compounds
Zinc nitrate hexahydrate, hydrated, Zn(NO3)2.6H2O, Harmful if ingested, Explosive mixtures with combustibles and organic compounds, toxic fumes
1.21 Redox indicators, List of redox indicators
1,10-phenanthroline
Potassium permanganate, KMnO4, potassium manganate (VII), Toxic if ingested
Xylenol orange, (metal indicator), Toxic if ingested
Xylene, C6H3(CH3)2OH, dimethylbenzene, Toxic by all routes, highly flammable
Starch
1.22 Reductants, List of chemical reductants
Aluminium powder
Barium metal
Calcium metal
Calcium carbide, CaC2, calcium dicarbide, calcium acetylide, carbide, acetylenogen, ethnide dicarbide, Toxic by all routes
Calcium hydride, hydrolith, Toxic if ingested or by skin contact
Calcium phosphide, solid, Toxic if ingested or by skin contact
Carbon, C, graphite
Lithium metal
Lithium aluminium hydride, lithium tetrahydroaluminate, Toxic by all routes, Not permitted in schools
Lithium hydride, Toxic by all routes, fine particles mixed with air is explosive, reacts violently with water to form dangerous hydrogen
Magnesium powder
Phosphorus
Potassium amide
Potassium, metal
Potassium sulfide, Highly toxic if ingested, releases hydrogen sulfide gas, Not permitted in school
Selenium metal
Sodium metal
Sodium amalgam, Highly toxic if ingested
Sodium amide, sodamide, Extremely toxic if ingested, reacts violently with water, Not permitted in schools
Sodium borohydride, Harmful if ingested, skin irritant
Sodium hydrosulfite, Na2S2O4.2H2O, sodium dithionite, Toxic by all routes
Sodium hydrogen sulfite, NaHSO3, sodium bisulfite, Toxic by all routes, use fume cupboard
Sodium sulfide, Highly toxic if ingested
Strontium metal
Thorium, Th, Toxic by all routes, Not permitted in schools
Zinc metal
1.23 Sulfates, List of sulfates
Aluminium sulfate, Al2(SO4)3, hydrated aluminium sulfate, Al2(SO4)3.18H2O, (NOT "alum"!)
Ammonium nickel sulfate, ammonium nickel (II) sulfate 6H2O, Harmful if ingested
Ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, sulfate of ammonia
Barium sulfate (VI), BaSO4, barytes, barite, heavy spar
Cadmium sulfate, Highly toxic, Not permitted in schools
Calcium sulfate
Cerium sulfate, Harmful if ingested
Cesium sulfate, Harmful if ingested
Chromium sulfate, chromium (III) sulfate
Copper (II) sulfate
Iron (II) ammonium sulfate, Fe(NH4SO4),2.6H2O
Iron (II) sulfate-7-water, FeSO4.7H2O, Harmful
Lead (II) sulfate, PbSO4, lead sulfate, green vitriol, blue lead, white lead, Highly toxic by all routes, cumulative poison
Magnesium sulfate
Nickel (II) sulfate, NiSO4.6H2O, Toxic if ingested, allergic
Potassium aluminium sulfate, aluminium potassium sulfate, alum, aluminium potash, potash alum, Harmful
Potassium chromium sulfate, K2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3.24H2O, KCr(SO4)2.12H2O, chrome alum, chromium alum, chromium potassium sulfate, Toxic if ingested
Potassium hydrogen sulfate, potassium bisulfate, Toxic if ingested, corrosive to skin and eyes
Potassium sulfate, K2SO4
Silver sulfate, Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed, dust irritates eyes and skin
Sodium hydrogen sulfate, NaHSO4, Toxic if ingested, corrosive to skin and eyes, heated solution forms sulfur dioxide gas
Sodium sulfate
Thallium sulfate, Extremely toxic if ingested or absorbed through skin, cumulative poison, Not permitted in schools
Zinc sulfate
1.24 Sulfides, List of sulfides
Ammonium sulfide solution, (>20% in water), (10% solution), (20% solution), Highly toxic fumes
Barium sulfide, Harmful if ingested
Copper (I) sulfide, CuS, covelite, indigo copper, (in luminous paints, catalyst), Harmful if ingested
Copper (II) sulfide, technical, used in coins and electrical wiring, copper (II) sulfide 6, chalcocite, Cu2S, copper glance, redruthite, Harmful if ingested
Iron (II) sulfide, Toxic if ingested
Lead (II) sulfide, PbS, lead sulfide, lead glance, blue lead, Highly toxic by all routes, cumulative poison
Potassium sulfide, Highly toxic if ingested, releases hydrogen sulfide gas, Not permitted in schools
Sodium sulfide, Highly toxic if ingested
Zinc sulfide, ZnS, sphalerite, zinc blende, mock ore, mock lead, black jack, Toxic if ingested, skin irritant
1.25 Sulfites, List of sulfites
Sodium hydrogen sulfite, NaHSO3, sodium bisulfite, white solid but yellow solution, Toxic by all routes
Sodium hydrosulfite, Na2S2O4.2H2O, sodium dithionite, Toxic by all routes
Sodium sulfite, Toxic if ingested
1.26 Thiosulfates, List of thiosulfates (not containing heavy metal ions, e.g. lead thiosulfate)
Ammonium thiosulfate, diammonium thiosulfate, (NH4)2S2O3, photography rapid fixer, fertilizer, reducing agent, Environment danger
Barium thiosulfate, Harmful if ingested
Sodium thiosulfate, Harmful if ingested
4.0.0 Physical hazards (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
4.1 Explosive
4.2 Flammable gases explosion
4.3 Flammable aerosols
4.4 Oxidizing gases
4.5 Gases under pressure
4.6 Flammable liquids
4.7 Flammable solids
4.8 Self-reactive substances and mixtures
4.9 Pyrophoric liquids
4.10 Pyrophoric solids
4.11 Self-heating substances and mixtures
4.12 Substances and mixtures which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases
4.13 Oxidizing liquids
4.14 Oxidizing solids
4.15 Organic peroxides
4.16 Corrosive to metals
4.1 Explosive, from "Physical hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
An explosive substance or mixture is a solid or liquid substance which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings. Pyrotechnic substances are included even when they do not evolve gases.
4.2 Flammable Gases, from "Physical hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Gas having a flammable range with air at 20ºC and a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa.
4.3 Flammable Aerosols, from "Physical hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
A non-refillable receptacle made of metal, glass or plastics and containing a gas compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure, and fitted with a release device allowing the contents to be ejected
Category 1 Aerosol contains ≥ 85% of flammable components and the chemical heat of combustion is ≥ 30 kJ / g
Category 2 Aerosol contains ≥ 1% flammable components, or the heat of combustion is ≥ 20 kJ / g).
4.4 Oxidizing gases, from "Physical hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Gas by providing oxygen, may cause or contribute to the combustion of other material more than air does.
4.5 Gases under pressure, from "Physical hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Gases in a receptacle at a pressure not less than 200 kPa (gauge), or is liquefied, or is liquefied and refrigerated.
4.6 Flammable liquids, from "Physical hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Liquid having a flash point of not more than 60ºC.
4.7 Flammable solids, from "Physical hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Solid which is readily combustible, or may cause or contribute to fire through friction.
4.8 Self-reactive substances and mixtures, from "Physical hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Are thermally unstable liquid or solid substances or mixtures liable to undergo a strongly exothermic decomposition even without participation of oxygen or air.
4.9 Pyrophoric liquids, from "Physical hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Liquid catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air.
4.10 Pyrophoric solids, from "Physical hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Solid catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air.
4.11 Self-heating substances and mixtures, from "Physical hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Substance react with air and without energy supply and is liable to self-heat and ignite but only when in large amounts (kilograms) and after long periods of time (hours or days).
4.12 Substances and mixtures which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases, from "Physical hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
4.13 Oxidizing liquids, from "Physical hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Liquid not necessarily combustible which may contribute to the combustion of other material by yielding oxygen.
4.14 Oxidizing solids, from "Physical hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Solid not necessarily combustible which may contribute to the combustion of other material by yielding oxygen.
4.15 Organic peroxides, from "Physical hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Organic substance which contains the bivalent -O-O- structure, where one or both of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals. They are thermally unstable substances which can undergo exothermic self-accelerating decomposition.
4.16 Corrosive to metals, from "Physical hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
A substance or a mixture which by chemical action will materially damage or destroy metals.
5.0.0 Health hazards, (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
5.1 Acute toxicity
5.2 Serious eye damage / eye irritation
5.3 Respiratory sensitization or skin sensitization
5.4 Germ cell mutagenicity
5.5 Carcinogen
5.6 Reproductive toxicity
5.7 Specific target organ toxicity
5.8 Aspiration hazard
5.1 Acute toxicity, from "Health hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Acute toxicity refers to those adverse effects occurring following oral or dermal administration of a single dose of a substance or a mixture, or multiple doses given within 24 hours, or an inhalation exposure of 4 hours.
5.2 Serious eye damage / eye irritation, from "Health hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Serious eye damage means the production of tissue damage in the eye, or serious physical decay of vision, following application of a test substance to the anterior surface of the eye, which is not fully reversible within 21 days of application.
5.3 Respiratory sensitization or skin sensitization, from "Health hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Respiratory sensitizer means a substance that will lead to hypersensitivity of the airways following inhalation of the substance. Skin sensitizer means a substance that will lead to an allergic response following skin contact.
5.4 Germ cell mutagenicity, from "Health hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
A mutation means a permanent change in the amount or structure of the genetic material in a cell. The term “mutation” applies both to heritable genetic changes that may be manifested at the phenotypic level and to the underlying DNA modifications when known (including specific base pair changes and chromosomal translocations). The term “mutagenic” and “mutagen” will be used for agents giving rise to an increased occurrence of mutations in populations of cells and/or organisms.
5.5 Carcinogen, from "Health hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Carcinogen means a substance or a mixture of substances which induce cancer or increase its incidence. Substances and mixtures which have induced benign and malignant tumours in well performed experimental studies on animals are considered also to be presumed or suspected human carcinogens unless there is strong evidence that the mechanism of tumour formation is not relevant for humans.
5.6 Reproductive toxicity, from "Health hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Reproductive toxicity includes adverse effects on sexual function and fertility in adult males and females.
5.7 Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure, from "Health hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
5.7a Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure from "Health hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
5.8 Aspiration hazard, from "Health hazards" (Draft Australian criteria for the classification of hazardous chemicals)
Aspiration is the entry of a liquid or solid substance or mixture directly through the oral or nasal cavity, or indirectly from vomiting, into the trachea and lower respiratory system. Aspiration toxicity includes severe acute effects such as chemical pneumonia, varying degrees of pulmonary injury or death following aspiration.
15.1.0 Hazard classifications: Explosive, Flammable, Oxidizing, Poison, Harmful, Corrosive, Irritant
Preparing explosives is Not permitted in schools. Explosives include gun powder, TNT, nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine, solid rocket fuel propellants, manganese heptoxide, "touch powder" (nitrogen triiodide complex formed by ammonia with solid iodine), diesel / ammonium nitrate mixtures.
The classification is based on IMO (International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code) and the (ACTDG) Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail. In this document, hazard classification is shown (in square brackets) and is followed by the United Nations Chemical Number to identify all classified dangerous goods.
Explosive Class 1 Explosive, can explode due to flame shock or friction
Flammable Class 2.1 Inflammable gases, can readily burn or catch fire
.
 Class 3.1 Inflammable liquids, flashpoint below -18oC
.
 Class 3.2 Inflammable liquids, flashpoint between -18oC and 23oC
.
 Class 3.3 Inflammable liquids, flashpoint between 23oC and 61oC
.
 Class 4.1 Inflammable solid, can readily burn or catch fir
.
 Class 4.2 Inflammable solid, liable to spontaneous combustion
.
 Class 4.3 Inflammable solid, emits inflammable gases when wet
Oxidizing Class 5.1 Oxidizing agents, can react with substances to form great heat
.
 Class 5.2 Organic peroxides
Poison Class 6.11. Toxic substances, severe risk if absorbed
Harmful Class 6.12. Harmful substance, some health risk if absorbed
Corrosive Class 8 Corrosives, can destroy living tissue on contact
Irritating Non-corrosive, but can damage skin if prolonged contact
15.1.1 Dust explosion
Dusts have a huge surface / volume ratio so have a huge potential for  explosive chemical reactions. The conditions necessary for a dust explosion to occur are combustible dust, confinement of dust by walls, dispersion of dust into a cloud above a certain concentration,  oxidant present, e.g. air. The ignition temperatures of dust explosion may be comparatively low, e.g. sugar dust at density 60 g / m3 ha ignition temperature 370oC.
The ignition of lycopodium powder, icing sugar, dusting sugar, Vanilla Bean Dusting Sugar, or any other powders or dusts in sealed coffee tins is not recommended in school science laboratories.
15.2.0 Health effects of chemicals
15.2.1 Extremely toxic substances
Teacher only handles with great caution.
15.2.1.1 Highly toxic substances
Teacher must ensure effective controls are implemented.
15.2.1.2 Very toxic substances
Substances and preparations which in very low quantities cause death or acute or chronic damage to health when inhaled, swallowed or absorbed via the skin.
15.2.2 Toxic substances
Substances and preparations which in low quantities cause death or acute or chronic damage to health when inhaled, swallowed or absorbed via the skin. Teacher must ensure effective controls are implemented. Handle with great caution.
15.2.3 Harmful substances
Substances and preparations which may cause death or acute or chronic damage to health when inhaled, swallowed or absorbed via the skin. (Intake of a small amount would probably not cause sickness, e.g.. magnesium sulfate. Intake of large amounts may cause sickness, i.e. copper sulphate. Intake of a small amount may cause sickness, i.e. sodium tetraborate.)
15.2.4 Corrosive substances
Substances and preparations which may, on contact with living tissues, destroy them.
15.2.5 Irritant substances
Non-corrosive substances and preparations which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane, may cause inflammation.
15.2.6 Sensitizing substances (Sensitizing by inhalation) (Sensitizing by skin contact)
Substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or if they penetrate the skin, are capable of eliciting a reaction by hypersensitization such that on further exposure to the substance or preparation, characteristic adverse effects are formed.
15.2.7 Carcinogenic substances
Substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce cancer or increase its incidence
15.2.8 Mutagenic substances
Substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce heritable genetic defects or increase their incidence.
15.2.9 Environment danger from substances
Substances and preparations which, were they to enter into the environment, would present or might present an immediate or delayed danger.
15.5.0 Hazard classifications used by New South Wales Department of Education and Training, (DET), Australia
Toxicity
For substances which have been assessed by Worksafe Australia, the following scale is used to describe the level of toxicity
Harmless
Allowed ingredient in human foods; human metabolite or known to be inert in the body, i.e. sodium chloride.
Harmful
Intake of a small amount would probably not cause sickness, e.g.. magnesium sulfate.
Slightly toxic
Intake of large amounts may cause sickness, i.e. copper sulphate.
Moderately toxic
Intake of a small amount may cause sickness, i.e. sodium tetraborate.
Highly toxic
Teacher must ensure effective controls are implemented. Chemical must be used within DET (New South Wales Department of Education and Training) restrictions
Extremely toxic
Handle with great caution. Teacher use only i.e. sodium cyanide.
Toxic
Where the chemical has not been fully assessed and detailed information is not available, the general term toxic is used to warn of a possible hazard.
Toxic by all routes
The phrase toxic by all routes of exposure indicates the substance is toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin contact.
Packing group
I Extreme danger
II Medium danger
III Low danger
UN
United Nations number (for Dangerous Goods only)
CAS Number
Number assigned to the chemical in the Individual Chemical Abstracts
15.6.0 Toxicity, High toxicity chemicals, Dr Hugh Cartwright, Chemistry Department, Oxford University, UK
The following list contains some of the chemicals which present a particularly severe risk to health (high toxicity chemicals):
acetic anhydride, acrolein, acrylamide, allyl alcohol, allyl chloride, aniline, antimony compounds, anisidines, arsenic compounds, soluble barium salts, p-benzoquinone, benzoyl peroxide, benzoyl chloride, beryllium and its compounds, boron tribromide, boron trifluoride, bromine, butylamines, chlorine, chloronitrobenzenes, chromium compounds, cresols, cyanides, diazomethane, n,n-dimethylaniline, dimethyl sulfate, epichlorohydrin, ethanolamine, ethylene chlorohydrin, fluorine, formaldehyde, formic acid, hydrazine, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen peroxide, indium salts, iodine, iodomethane, Isocyanates, maleic anhydride, mercaptans, mercury and mercury compounds, nickel carbonyl, nitric acid, nitrobenzene, nitro compounds, osmium salts, oxalic acid, ozone, phenol, phenylene diamines, phenyl hydrazine, phosgene, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus pentasulfide, phosphorus trichloride, phthalic anhydride, propylamines, pyridine, selenium compounds, soluble silver salts, sodium-mercury amalgam, sulfur dioxide, tellurium compounds, thallium compounds, tetrachlorethane, organotin compounds, toluidines, xylidines
15.7.0 Flammable organic chemicals
Do NOT use in school laboratories
Flammable substances shown as: Flammable and Flashpoint in oC
Benzene, benzol Flammable -11oC 1114 C6H6, Harmful, possibly carcinogenic (use cyclohexane or methylbenzene)
Butan-1-ol Flammable +29oC 1120 CH3(CH2)2CH2OH
Butan-2-ol Flammable +24oC 1120 CH3CH2CHOHCH3, sec-butyl alcohol
Carbon disulfide Flammable -30oC 1131 CS2, Poison (alcohol sulfuris)
Cyclohexane Flammable -20oC 1145 C6H12 (students may use < 2 mL in fume cupboard, as substitute for benzene)
Diethyl ether Flammable -40oC 1155 (C2H5)2O, ethoxyethane, anaesthetic ether, ether, sulfuric ether
Iso-octane Flammable -12oC 1262 C8H18, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
n-Octane Flammable +13oC 1262 CH3(CH2)6CH3
Methanol Flammable +12oC 1230 CH3OH, methyl alcohol, wood alcohol (in methylated spirits) Harmful, highly toxic, causes blindness
Petroleum spirit Flammable <-18oC 1271 petroleum ether, spirit, benzine
Propan-1-ol Flammable +15oC 1274 C2H5CH2OH, Isomer propan-1-ol, n-propyl alcohol, 1-propanol
Propan-2-ol Flammable +22oC 1219 (CH3)2CHOH, Isopropyl alcohol, 2-propanol, Iso amyl alcohol, rubbing alcohol
Toluene Flammable +7oC 1294 C6H5CH3
Diethyl ether
Forms dense vapour that flows along bench or floor to point of ignition. On standing less volatile forms diethyl peroxide that remains an an explosive residue.
15.8.0 Flammable organic chemicals with low flashpoint, below 32oC
Acetaldehyde, Acetone (nail polish remover), Acetonitrile, Acetyl chloride, Acrylonitrile, Allyl iodide, Chloromethane, 1,2-Dichloroethane, Diethylamine, Diethyl carbonate, 1,3-difluorobenzene, Dimethyl ether, Dioxan (dioxane), Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, Ethyl acrylate, Ethyl chloroformate, Ethyl formate, Hexane, n-hexane, Methylated spirit, Methyl ethyl ketone, Methyl Isobutyl ketone (MIBK), Octane, Pentane, Piperidine, Isopropyl alcohol, Pyridine, Tetrahydrofuran, Triethylamine, Vinyl acetate
15.9.0 Cryogenic solids and liquids
These chemicals should be handled only by teachers trained in the safe storage and dispensing of cryogenic substances, e.g. liquid nitrogen, oxygen and helium, and also solid carbon dioxide, "dry ice". These substance evaporate briskly at room temperature to increase pressure to dangerous levels in closed containers. Students should be kept at least one metre away from these substances to avoid frost bite. Children have been injured when allowed to lick "dry ice" used by ice cream sellers.
15.10.0 Chemicals Not permitted in schools
(Chemicals banned from government schools, NSW, Australia)
4-aminobiphenyl, Extremely toxic, carcinogenic
ammonium chlorate, Violently explosive
ammonium perchlorate, Violently explosive
anaesthetic ether, diethyl ether, Extremely flammable
aniline, phenylamine, Extremely toxic, carcinogenic
arsenic, Extremely toxic, carcinogenic
arsenic triiodide, arsenic (III) iodide, Extremely toxic, carcinogenic
arsenic trioxide, arsenic (III) oxide, Extremely toxic, carcinogenic
arsenic (III) iodide, arsenic triiodide, Extremely toxic, carcinogenic
arsenic (III) oxide, arsenic trioxide, Extremely toxic, carcinogenic
arsenious acid, arsenic trioxide, toxic, carcinogenic
asbestos, crocidolite, blue asbestos, Extremely toxic if inhaled into lungs, carcinogenic
benzene, benzol, Extremely toxic, carcinogenic
benzidine, 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, Highly toxic and carcinogenic
benzol, benzene, Extremely toxic, carcinogenic
beryllium, metal, Highly toxic and carcinogenic
beryllium chloride, Highly toxic and carcinogenic
bis(chloromethyl) ether, dichlorodiniethyl ether, Highly toxic and carcinogenic
blue asbestos, asbestos, Extremely toxic if inhaled into lungs, carcinogenic
cadmium, Highly toxic
cadmium carbonate, Highly toxic
cadmium chloride, Highly toxic
cadmium oxide, Highly toxic
cadmium sulfate, Highly toxic
carbazotic acid, picric acid, Explosive when dry and compacted
carbon disulfide, Extremely flammable, extremely toxic
carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloromethane, Extremely toxic, possibly carcinogenic
chloral, trichloroacetaldehyde, Moderately toxic, drug addiction
chloral hydrate, 1,1,1-trichloroethanediol, Moderately toxic, drug addiction
chloric acid, chloric (V) acid, Violently explosive mixtures with combustible materials
chloric (VII) acid, perchloric acid, Violently explosive mixtures with combustible materials
chloroform, Toxic
chromic acid, Highly toxic and carcinogenic
chromic anhydride, chromium (VI) oxide, Highly toxic and carcinogenic
chromium trioxide, chromium (VI) oxide, Highly toxic and carcinogenic
chromium (VI) oxide, chromium trioxide, chromic anhydride, chromic acid, Highly toxic and carcinogenic
copper arsenite, Toxic
copper (II) acetoarsenite, Toxic
crocidolite, asbestos, Extremely toxic if inhaled into lungs, carcinogenic
di(2-chloroethyl) ether, 2,2'-dichlorodiethyl ether, Highly toxic
4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, benzidine, Highly toxic and carcinogenic
3,3'-dichlorobenzidine, dichlorobiphenyl-4,4'-diamine, Highly toxic
dichlorobiphenyl-4,4'-diamine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine, Highly toxic and carcinogenic
2,2'-dichlorodiethyl ether, Highly toxic
dichlorodimethyl ether, bis-(chloromethyl) ether, Highly toxic and carcinogenic
diethyl ether, anaesthetic ether, ether, sulfuric ether, ethoxyethane, Extremely flammable
diethyl sulfate, Extremely toxic, probably carcinogenic
dimethyl sulfate, Extremely toxic, probably carcinogenic
3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diamine, o-tolodine, Highly toxic, carcinogenic impurities
4-dinitrobiphenyl, Highly toxic, carcinogenic impurities
ether, diethyl ether, Extremely flammable
ethoxyethane, diethyl ether, Extremely flammable
ethylene oxide, oxirane, oxiran, Extremely toxic, carcinogenic
5-fluorouracil, Highly toxic
Hardite, Extremely toxic, carcinogenic
hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen cyanide, Extremely toxic
hydrofluoric acid, Extremely toxic
hydrogen cyanide, hydrocyanic acid, Extremely toxic
lithium aluminium hydride, lithium tetrahydroaluminate, Explosive mixture if fine particles mixed with air
lithium tetrahydroaluminate, Lithium aluminium hydride, Explosive mixture if fine particles mixed with air
magnesium perchlorate, anhydrone, Violently explosive mixtures with combustible materials, organic compounds, ammonium compounds
mercury, Highly toxic
mercury salts, Highly toxic
mercury (I) chloride, Highly toxic
mercury (II) chloride, Highly toxic
magnesium perchlorate, anhydrone
naphthalene-l-amine, 1-naphthylamine, Highly toxic, carcinogenic impurities
naphthalene-2-amine, 2-naphthylamine, Highly toxic, carcinogenic impurities
1-naphthylamine, alpha-naphthylamine, naphthalene-1-amine, Highly toxic, carcinogenic impurities
2-naphthylamine, beta-naphthylamine, naphthalene-2-amine, Extremely toxic, carcinogenic
alpha-naphythylamine, 1-naphthylamine, Highly toxic, carcinogenic impurities
beta-naphythylamine, 2-naphthylamine, Extremely toxic, carcinogenic
4-nitrobiphenol, Extremely toxic, carcinogenic
nitrogen triiodide, Explosive when dry
2-nitrosophenol, Highly toxic, carcinogenic impurities
3-nitrosophenol, Highly toxic, carcinogenic impurities
4-nitrosophenol, Highly toxic, carcinogenic impurities
l-nitronaphthalene, Highly toxic, carcinogenic impurities
2-nitronaphthalene, Highly toxic, carcinogenic impurities
osmium tetroxide, osmic acid, Highly toxic, carcinogenic impurities
o-tolodine, Highly toxic if ingested
oxirane, oxiran, ethylene oxide, Extremely toxic, carcinogenic
PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls, Moderately toxic, probably carcinogenic
perchloric acid 50-72%, chloric (VII) acid, Violently explosive mixtures with combustible materials
perchloric acid <50%, chloric (VII) acid, perchloric acid 50-72%, Explosive mixtures with combustible materials
phenol, carbolic acid
phenylamine, aniline, Extremely toxic
phosphorus, white, white phosphorus, yellow phosphorus, Extremely toxic, ignites spontaneously, extreme fire hazard
picric acid, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, trinitrophenol, carbazotic acid, Explosive when dry and compacted
polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs, Moderately toxic, probably carcinogenic
potassium, metal, Reacts violently with water to form hydrogen which ignites or explodes
potassium amide, Highly toxic, highly corrosive, reacts violently with water
potassium chlorate, Violently explosive mixtures with combustible materials
potassium cyanide, Extremely poisonous
potassium perchlorate, Violently explosive mixtures with combustible materials
potassium sulfide, Highly toxic, highly corrosive, may ignite in air
sodium amide, sodamide, Highly toxic, flammable, reacts violently with water
sodium azide, Extremely toxic
sodium chlorate, Violently explosive mixtures with combustible materials
sodium cyanide, Extremely poisonous, with acids forms toxic hydrogen cyanide gas
sodium perchlorate, Violently explosive mixtures with combustible materials
sodium peroxide, Violently explosive mixtures with combustible materials
sulfuric ether, diethyl ether, Extremely flammable
tetrachloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, Extremely toxic, possibly carcinogenic
thallium chloride, Extremely toxic
thallium nitrate, Extremely toxic
thallium sulfate, Extremely toxic
thorium, Radioactive
o-tolidine, 3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4-diamine, Highly toxic, carcinogenic impurities
trichloroacetaldehyde, chloral, Moderately toxic, drug addiction
1,1,1-trichloroethanediol, chloral hydrate, Moderately toxic, drug addiction
trinitrophenol, picric acid, Explosive when dry and compacted
2,4,6-trinitrophenol, picric acid, Explosive when dry and compacted