| Chemical Name (Hazard classification, United Nations number) | Molecular formula, synonyms or similar or mineral, (notes on use) | |
| Acetic acid, pure (FLAM < 43oC
COR 2789),17 M |
CH3COOH, ethanoic acid, weak acid, Ka small, colourless, mobile liquid, r.d. glacial acetic acid, 17 M, 1.05 gm cm-3, b.p. 118oC, solidifies 16.7oC, conc. 17.5 M, dilute 6 M, miscible with water, pungent odour, "glacial" ethanoic acid, (vinegar, eisel, about 4% acetic acid, sour wine), E260, (anti-bacterial medicine, cleaner, sanitizer, stain remover, food) | |
| Acetone (FLAM -20oC 1090), | (CH3)2C=O, CH3.CO.CH3,
dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, colourless, clear, volatile, inflammable
liquid, r.d. 0.79 gm cm-3, b.p. 56.5oC, miscible
with water and ether and oils, sharp sweet taste, characteristic
odour, (solvent for resins, primers, plastics, formerly in nail polish
remover), |
|
| Adipic acid |
hexanedioic acid, butanedicarboxylic acid, (CH2)4(COOH)2,
colourless needles, (make nylon 6, 6 and polyester resin), |
|
| Aluminium chloride, hydrated | AlCl3.6H2O, anhydrous AlCl3
is covalent |
|
| Aluminium oxide | Al2O3, alumina (porcelain), amphoteric,
corundum (hardness 9, abrasive, in red ruby,
in blue saphire), diamantine, emery powder, (abrasive), corroded
aluminium, (bauxite, hydrated aluminium oxides Al2O3.nH2O
+ laterite), alumina hydrate for craft, alumina has amorphous or
crystalline state
in corundum and bauxite |
|
| Aluminium potassium sulfate | Al2(SO4)3.K2(SO4),.24H2O,
potash alum, potassium alum, kalinite, hydrated
aluminium potassium sulfate, aluminium potassium sulfate
12-hydrate, alum. Alums are
double salts that crystallize as octahedra, e.g. common alum AlK(SO4)2.12H2O
or KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, E552. It is very
astringent and is used for purifying water. Soda alum or chrome alum
are similar combinations where the potassium has been replaced by the
corresponding metals. |
|
| Aluminium sulfate | Al2(SO4)3.18H2O, wrongly "alum", E520, foam agent in fire extinguishers, water filter powder, flocculation agent, food additive E520, modifier, precipitator in sewage treatnment, mordant, paper sizing, for 0.l M soln., 66 g of hydrated salt in 1 L water | |
| Ammonia solution |
Ammonia solution | |
| Ammonium
bicarbonate |
NH4HCO3, ammonium hydrogen
carbonate, white crystals, crystal
ammonia, in some baking powders |
|
| Ammonium carbonate | (NH4)2CO3, hartshorn, aromatic spirits of ammonia, salt of hartshorn, ammonium sesquicarbonate, very soluble, E503 (commercial ammonium carbonate is double salt NH4HCO3.NH2COONH4 that releases ammonia, in sal volatile, smelling salts) | |
| Ammonium chloride | NH4Cl, sal ammoniac, colourless, odourless, cubic crystals or crystal mass, white granular powder, sublimes without melting, weakly hygroscopic, saline taste, (soldering flux, dry cell flux in torch battery), | |
| Ammonium chromate |
(NH4)2CrO4,
yellow monoclinic crystals, decomposes at 185oC, loses
ammonia gas, alkaline solution, needs cool storage |
|
| Ammonium dichromate (VI) (OXD 1439) | (NH4)2Cr2O7,
ammonium dichromate, orange red monoclinic crystals, heat decomposes,
(Not
"ammonium bichromate"), |
|
| Ammonium iron (II) sulfate | (NH4)2SO4
FeSO4.6H2O,
Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O,
ferrous ammonium sulfate, Mohr's salt, pale blue-green, monoclinic
crystals or granules, in air slowly oxidizing and efflorescent, r.d.
1.86, store in dark place |
|
| Ammonium molybdate (VII) |
(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O,
ammonium paramolybdate, powder |
|
| Ammonium nitrate (OXD 1942), | NH4NO3, colourless crystals, soluble in
water and ethanol, nitrate of ammonia garden
fertilizer, in explosives |
|
| Ammonium oxalate (HARM 2449), | (NH4COO)2.H2O, ammonium ethanedioate-1-water colourless, odourless, rhombic crystals or white granules, if heated decomposes before melting | |
| Ammonium phosphate | (NH4)3PO4, triammonium
phosphate (V)-4-water, nitrogen and phosphorus garden fertilizer |
|
| Ammonium sulfate | (NH4)2SO4, colourless,
odourless, rhombic crystals or white granules, soluble in water but not
ethanol, decomposes above 280oC,
sulfate of
ammonia garden fertilizer, E517, cakes when stored, mascagnite mineral |
|
| Ammonium
thiocyanate |
NH4SCN, yellow-white, monoclinic,
deliquescent crystals, m.p.16oC, test for ferric iron, in
fixatives and explosives |
|
| Aniline |
C6H5NH2,
aniline oil, phenylamine, aminobenzene, clear, oily, liquid,
colourless, but darkens to red-brown, distinct odour and taste,
poisonous vapour, inflammable, b.p. about 182oC, flash point
about 70oC, store in dark secure bottles |
|
| Barium carbonate, (HARM 1564) | BaCO3, witherite, (used for craft, barium oxide flux), | |
| Barium chloride-2-water (HARM 1564) | BaCl2.2H2O, barium chloride,
colourless, rhombic, odourless crystals or white
granules, m.p. 925oC |
|
| Barium chromate |
BaCrO4, for craft, in pyrotechnics,
paint pigment, corrosion control, safety matches, with explosives as
initiator |
|
| Barium hydroxide | Ba(OH)2, barium hydroxide solution, (baryta
water), |
|
| Barium oxide |
BaO, baryta, heavy spar, flux for craft, raises refractive index in optical crown glass, cathode ray tube coating | |
| Barium sulfate (VI) |
BaSO4, barium white, blanc-fixe, fixed white, permanent white, barytes, heavy spar, almost insoluble in water, forms heavy white precipitate, (x-ray contrast meal, soil analysis, lake paint pigments), | |
| Borax |
Na2B4O7.10H2O, di-sodium tetraborate-10-water, E285, sodium tetraborate decahydrate, di-sodium tetraborate, tynkal, colourless, white, odourless, monoclinic crystals or granules, r.d. 1.73, m.p. 75oC, efflorescent in dry air, melts at 75oC, anhydrous at 320oC, mildly toxic so avoid ingesting and skin contact, (washing powders, bath cleaning, fungicide, insecticide, detergent booster, preservative but not allowed in most countries) | |
| Boric acid | H3BO3, boracic acid, orthoboric acid, trioxyboric (III) acid, colourless, odourless, white to transparent, triclinic crystals, m.p. about 160oC, if heated decomposes to anhydride B2O3, occurs near fumaroles, (eye medicine), E284 | |
| Butanedione (FLAM 2346) | CH3COCOCH3, 2, 3-butanedione,
dimethylglyoxal, dimethyldiketone, diacetyl, biacetyl, butter flavour,
creamy odour |
|
| Cadmium iodide |
CdI2, white lustrous, flaky odourless
crystals becoming yellow in light and air |
|
| Cadmium selenide | CdSe, cadmium (II) selenide, cadmoselite mineral, cadmium red, craft overglaze, "pigment red 108", transparent to infrared light | |
| Cadmium sulfide | CdS, craft yellow overglaze, cadmium yellow, pigment yellow 35, 36, semi-conductor, in light detectors, Greenrockite, Hawleyite | |
| Calcium carbide (FLAM) | CaC2, calcium dicarbide, "carbide", acetylenogen, (cave explorer lamps, formerly in bicycle headlamps) | |
| Calcium carbonate | CaCO3, powder, almost insoluble in water unless
dissolved CO2 present, calcite, chalk, limestone, Iceland
spar, marble
chips, marble whiting, whiting, chalk, calc spar, precipitated chalk,
pearl, coral, egg shells,
whitewash, calcimine, seashells, (in antacid medicines to suppress
reflux), Vienna lime, E170
firming
agent food additive), heated in lime kiln to form lime CaO |
|
| Calcium dihydrogen phosphate | Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O,
calcium tetrahydrogen di-orthophosphate, calcium dihydrogenphosphate |
|
| Calcium chloride | CaCl2, white granules or lumps, very
hygroscopic, m.p. 772oC, (drying agent),
E509, used to produce calcium metal |
|
| Calcium fluoride | CaF2, fluorspar, fluorite, white crystalline solid, thermoluminescent, for craft, (source of hydrofluoric acid and fluorine, used in opal glass), | |
| Calcium hydrogen
carbonate |
calcium hydrogencarbonate, calcium bicarbonate,
Ca(HCO3)2, temporary hardness in water, stable
in
solution |
|
| Calcium hydroxide | Ca(OH)2, powder, solution, limewater, slaked lime,
hydrated
lime, caustic lime, slightly soluble, (whitewash, milk of lime), E526 |
|
| Calcium hypochlorite (OXD 2208) | (30% chlorine), chlorinated lime, chloride of lime, calcium oxychloride white-grey powder, irritating odour, exothermic when dissolved in water, may explode if not stored securely, (bleaching powder contains both calcium hypochlorite [calcium chlorate (I), chlorinated lime] and calcium hydroxide, water sanitizing, whitening agent, "solid chlorine" is 70% chlorine for swimming pools), | |
| Calcium magnesium carbonate | CaCO3MgCO3, dolomite [Also, "dolomite" is any high Mg:Ca carbonate rock.] | |
| Calcium nitrate (OXD 1454) | Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, calcium nitrtate (V)-4-water, crystals | |
| Calcium oxide (COR 1759) | CaO, lump, quicklime, lime, caustic lime, burnt lime, E529,
thermoluminescent in oxy-hydrogen flame, limelight, for excess soil
acidity |
|
| Calcium phosphate (V) | Ca3(PO4)2, white powder, insoluble, from apatite mineral Ca5(PO4)3(OH, F, Cl), and rock phosphate, from animal bones and teeth, (used for fertilizer, faciltate uptake of DNA into cells, "bone ash" for craft), E341 Calcium phosphates, (buffer, sequestrant), formerly "calcium orthophosphate" | |
| Calcium sulfate (VI) |
CaSO4.2H2O, powder, calcium sulfate
dihydrate, gypsum, calcium hemihydrate, anhydrite mineral, (plaster
of Paris, CaSO4.1/2H2O, potter's
plaster, school chalk, blackboard chalk, selenite, craft
modelling powder), E516, (can be shaped before setting, stain remover), |
|
| Chromic acid |
Chromic (VI) acid, H2CrO4, (sodium
chromate in sulfuric acid),
glass-cleaning, "hypothetical acid" in chromate salt solutions |
|
| Chromium (III) oxide | Cr2O3, chromium oxide, chromium trioxide, chromic oxide, chrome green, green chromium oxide for craft | |
| Citric acid | (COOH)3(CH2),2COH.H2O, C6H8O7.H2O,
HOOCCH2C(OH),(COOH),CH2COOH, colourless to white
crystalline powder,
odourless,
translucent, orthorhombic crystals or granules, "2-hydroxy
propane-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic acid", m.p. about 100oC,
slightly deliquescent in moist air, loses water of crystallization in
dry air, (lemon juice), store in tight containers, Also
"2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid", C6H8O7,
about 10% dry weight of lemons |
|
| Cobalt (II) chloride | CoCl2.6H2O, dark red
crystals, pink powder, cobalt
chloride, cobaltous
chloride, (test for water), TOXIC, wear sagety glasses, do not get
powder in the air |
|
| Cobalt (II) oxide | CoO, cobalt oxide, cobaltous oxide, orange-green
to pink solid,
craft blue
glaze, do not breathe in |
|
| Cobalt (II) nitrate (OXD 1477) | Co(NO3)2.6H2O, cobaltous
nitrate, cobalt nitrate hexahydrate, red, deliquescent, monoclinic
crystals, m.p. 50o to
60oC, in dyes and inks |
|
| Copper (II) carbonate | CuCO3, CuCO3.Cu(OH)2.H2O,
basic
copper carbonate, (azurite, malachite), cupric carbonate, green
precipitate, bremen
blue, green verditer, craft green
glaze, verdigris on copper exposed to atmosphere |
|
| Copper (II) chloride | CuCl2, cupric chloride, yellow-brown powder, covalent, green fireworks, copper (II) chloride dihydrate CuCl2.2H2O | |
| Copper (II) nitrate (OXD 1477) | Cu(NO3)2.3H2O, copper nitrate crystals, blue solid, deliquescent, anhydrous form probably covalent | |
| Copper (I) oxide | Cu2O, cuprous oxide, red copper oxide, ruby
copper, cuprite,
for craft, red solid, insoluble, (used to make red glass), |
|
| Copper (II) oxide | CuO, black copper oxide, cupric oxide, melconite, tenorite, black solid, soluble in dilute acids, (used in craft, deep blue colour in glass), | |
| Copper (II) sulfate | CuSO4.5H2O, copper (II)
sulfate, (VI),-5-water, cupric sulfate, blue, triclinic crystals,
efflorescent
in dry air, anhydrous at 250oC, bluestone, blue
vitriol, blue copperas, (chalcanthite mineral, CuSO4.5H2O
has sweet metallic taste and is slightly poisonous), (Bordeaux
mixture is copper sulfate and lime used as a fungicide), wood
preservative |
|
| Copper
ferrocyanide |
CU2Fe(CN)6, Hatchett's
Brown dye, Traube's colloidal solution, (used to remove caesium and
strontium from radioactive waste), |
|
| 1, 6-Diaminohexane (COR 2280) | NH2(CH2),(CH2),NH2, ethylenediamine, hexamethylene diamine, hexane-1, 6-diamine | |
| 1, 4-Dichlorobenzene |
C6H4Cl2, m.p. 53oC, crystalline, deodorizer, mothballs | |
| Dichlorodifluoromethane |
CCl2F2, Freon 12, b.p. -30oC,
(refrigerant, solvent, fire extinguishers) |
|
| 1, 2-Dichloroethane |
ClCH2CH2Cl, ethylene dichloride | |
| Dichloromethane, (HARM 1593) | CH2Cl2, methylene chloride, methylene
dichloride, colourless liquid, b.p. 41oC, (solvent), |
|
| Disodium
hydrogen orthophosphate (V) |
Na2HPO4.12H2O, disodium orthophosphate, sodium phosphate dibasic, sodium phosphate dodecahydrate, white monoclinic or rhombic crystals or granules, r.d. 1.5, m.p. 34oC to 35oC, easily loses H2O, E339 (II) | |
| EDTA | (HOOCCH2)2N(CH2)2N(CH2COOH)2,
ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid, sequestering agent for metal ions,
Mg2+, Ca2+ |
|
| EDTA disodium salt | (HOOCCH2)2N(CH2)2N(CH2COONa)2.2H2O, (0.1 M, solution + sodium azide), | |
| Ethanol, 95% (FLAM 1170) | C2H5OH, ethyl alcohol, clear, colourless, mobile liquid, volatile, inflammable, distinct odour, miscible with water and most organic solvents, rectified spirit, grain alcohol, spirit of wine, constant boiling mixture = 95.6% ethanol and 4.4% water, b.p. -78.3oC, absolute alcohol = 100% ethanol, r.d. 0.79 gm cm-3, b.p. 78.5oC, absorbs moisture from air | |
| Ethanediol, (HARM 2810) | Ethanediol, CH2OH.CH2OH, ethylene glycol, glycol, b.p. 197.5oCl, ethane-1,2 diol, anti-freeze | |
| Ethyl acetate (FLAM -4oC, 1173) | CH3COOC2H5, colour less
liquid, fruity odour, b.p. 77oC, ethyl ethanoate, (medicine,
lacquer solvent), |
|
| Fehling's solution | Fehling's solution No. 1 + Fehling's solution No. 2 (COR 1760), (test for reducing sugar), | |
| Formaldehyde solution (FLAM HARM 1198) | HCHO, gas readily soluble in water, methanal, (+10%
methanol),
formalin: 40% methanal solution, (disinfectant, plastics), |
|
| Formic acid (COR 1179) | HCOOH, methanoic acid, conc. 46 M, hydrogen carboxylic acid,
in ants and stinging nettles, most simple carboxylic acid, HCOOH + H2O
<--> H3O+ + HCOO-, Ka = 1.8 X 10-4 |
|
| Fructose |
C6H12O6, D(-), fructose,
laevulose, fruit sugar, pure honey, (D form, but laevorotatory, hence
"L-fructose"), |
|
| Glucose | C6H12O6, (+), glucose, D(-), glucose, anhydrous, blood sugar, glucose, (for babies), dextrose | |
| Glycerol | CH2OH.CHOH.CH2OH, glycerin, clear,
viscous, odourless fluid, propane-123-triol, glycerine, propane-1, 2,
3-triol, glycerin jelly, b.p. 290oC and decomposes, r.d.
1.26, absorbs water from
air, miscible, soluble in water and alcohol, (in cosmetics,
toothpaste,
shampoo, loosens stains), |
|
| Hydrochloric acid (COR 1789),
36% by weight, 10 M |
HCl, spirits of salts, muriatic acid, clear, colourless, fuming liquid, conc. 12 M, r.d. 1.18 gm cm-3, 12 mol dm-3, E507, dilute HCl 6 M, (solution of hydrogen chloride gas), distinct odour, (aqua regia: 3 vols concentrated HCl + 1 vol concentrated HNO3), | |
| Hydrogen peroxide, (20 vols, 6%, 6 g / mL) | H2O2, "peroxide", 6% or 3% w/w, 20 vols, 6% peroxide, decomposed by heat, (bleaching agent, antiseptic), | |
| Iron (II) sulfate-7-water | FeSO4.7H2O, iron sulfate, hydrated
ferrous sulfate, melanterite mineral, green vitriol, copperas, wood
preservative, inks |
|
| Iron (III) chloride (COR 2582), | FeCl3, FeCl3.6H2O, iron
chloride, ferric
chloride, flores martis, (anhydrous), catalyst |
|
| Iron (III) oxide | Fe2O3, ferric oxide, Fe2O3.3H2O,
red iron oxide,
red ferric oxide, yellow / brown pigment, ferric oxide red, red
iron oxide, haematite, red ochre, burnt
ore, burnt ochre, rust,
jewellers rouge polish, Venetian
red, crocus powder |
|
| Lead (II) ethanoate, (HARM 1616) | Pb(CH3COO)2.3H2O, lead (II) acetate, lead acetate, m.p. 75oC, sugar of lead, white to colourless, monoclinic crystals or granules, slowly efflorescent, absorbs CO2 from air and becomes insoluble, test paper for H2S | |
| Lead (II) carbonate | PbCO3, cerussite, basic lead carbonate, (PbCO3 + Pb(OH)2), white lead, (basic lead carbonate), white lead flux, paint pigment | |
| Lead (II) nitrate, (HARM 1469) | Pb(NO3)2, lead nitrate, white to
colourless, translaucent cubic or monoclinic crystals, decomposes at 470oC,
only common soluble lead compound |
|
| Lead (II) oxide, mono | PbO, yellow lead oxide, litharge, flux, lead monoxide, lead
protoxide, massicott, used to make glass and enamels |
|
| Lead (IV) oxide | PbO2, lead dioxide, car battery plates, lead-acid accumulator, (+ve accumulator electrode), | |
| Lead oxide (red lead) |
Pb3O4, (2PbO.PbO2),
dilead (II) lead (IV) oxide, red lead, minium, (red lead oxide,
anticorrosive paint
pigment, flux, for craft), |
|
| Magnesium carbonate | 3MgCO3.Mg(OH)2.3H2O, light
powder, magnesite, (carbonate of magnesia for craft), E504, heat
resistant products, dolomite MgCO3.CaCO3 |
|
| Magnesium chloride | MgCl2, MgCl2.6H2O, magnesium
chloride crystals, (hygroscopic), E511, electrolysed to produce
magensium metal |
|
| Magnesium sulfate | MgSO4.7H2O, hydrated magnesium sulfate,
kieserite, colourless to white, odourless, rhombic crystals or
granules, loses water of crystallization to dry air, anhydrous at 250oC,
bitter salt, Epsom salts, (constipation medicine, unshrinking woollen
clothing, fire-proofing), epsomite mineral |
|
| Manganese (IV) oxide | MnO2, manganese dioxide, manganese black, in pyrolusite, (depolarizer in dry cells, glass, catalyst, oxidizing agent) | |
| Mercury (I)
chloride |
Hg2Cl2, calomel, white
crystals, r.d. 7.15, sublimes at 400oC, (reference electrode
in calomel electric cells, mercury electrode in
potassium chloride solution + calomel), found with cinnabar |
|
| Mercury (II)
chloride |
HgCl2, mercuric chloride,
colourkless, odourless, rhombic crystals or granules, r.d.5.4, m.p. 277oC,
solution is poisonous and very dangerous because it looks like water,
should NOT be in the school laboratory |
|
| Mercury (II)
fulminate |
HG(CNO),2.1/2H2O, in cartridge detonators and
percussion caps |
|
| Mercury (II) oxide |
HgO, mercuric oxide, yellow to orange, dense,
odourless powder, r.d. 11.14, decomposed by light, yellow oxide of
mercury or red oxide of mercury, store in dark bottles |
|
| Methanol |
CH3OH, methyl alcohol, wood alcohol,
clear liquid, distinct odour, volatile, flammable, poisonous, cause
blindness |
|
| Methylated spirit (FLAM +13oC, 1170), | C2H5OH, methylated ethanol, (ethanol +
5% v/v
methanol, wood alcohol), denatured alcohol, (+ 2% of methyl
alcohol, pyridine, other substances to be unfit for
drinking, e.g. menthol), (paint solvent), |
|
| Monosodium glutamate, MSG |
C5H8NNaO4.H2O,
HOOCCH(NH2),CH2CH2COONa, sodium
hydrogen glutamate, white crystals, solunble in water, flavour
enhancer especially for Chinese food but some people allergic, formerly
from seaweed Laminaria
japonica |
|
| Nicotine | C10H14N2, pyridine alkaloid, colourless, poisonous and addictive, in tobacco leaves | |
| Nicotinic acid | C5H4NCOOH, niacin, in Vitamin B complex, (absence causes disease pellagra) | |
| Nitric acid (COR 2031), 70% by
weight, 15 M |
HNO3, clear, colourless, fuming, corrosive liquid,
aqua fortis, spirits of nitre, becomes yellow brown in
light, concentrated acid very hygroscopic, conc. 15.6 M, r.d. 1.42 gm
cm-3, 16 mol
dm-3 r.d.
fuming HNO3:
1.50 gm cm-3, 24 mol dm-3, dilute HNO3,
6 M |
|
| Nitrobenzene |
C6H5NO2,
mononitrobenzene, pale yellow, oily liquid, unpleasant almond odour,
poisonous, r.d. 1.2, b.p. 211oC |
|
| Oleic acid | C17H33COOH, CH3(CH2)7CHCH(CH2)7COOH,
9-octadecanoic acid, oleinic acid, cis-9-octadecanoic acid, colourless
viscous liquid, red oil, m.p.14oC |
|
| Oxalic acid, (HARM 2449), |
(COOH)2.2H2O, ethanedioic acid-2-water, acid of sugar, colourless, white, odourless, monoclinic crystals or granules, r.d. 1.62, m.p. 101oC - 102oC, sublimes easily above 100oC, decomposed by heat, (in rhubarb and many plants) | |
| Paraffin | Paraffin liquid, r.d. 0.87 to 0.89, m.p. 45oC to 65oC, medicinal paraffin, petrolatum, (paraffins, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, CnH2n+2), (paraffin wax, higher hydrocarbon alkanes from petroleum), (kerosine, also "paraffin oil"), | |
| Pentan-1-ol (FLAM +21.57oC), | CH3(CH2)3CH2OH, n-pentyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol | |
| Phosphorus (V)
oxide |
P4O10, phosphorus
pentoxide, white powder, hexagonal crystals, deliquescent,
thermoluminescent |
|
| Phosphoric acid (COR 1805), | H3PO4, orthophosphoric acid,
phosphoric (V) acid, orthophosphoric acid, as solution is
colourless, odourless liquid,
conc. 14.7.M,
r.d. 1.71 to
1.75, miscible with water and ethanol, "Kill-rust", E33, weak acid,
or
white rhombic solid, 85% W
/W, 90 % W / W, HARMFUL, CORROSIVE |
|
| Potassium bromide | KBr, potassium bromide, colourless, white, cubic crystals or granules, r.d. 2.75, m.p. 730oC, (photography, sedative), | |
| Potassium carbonate |
K2CO3, "potash", pearl ash, salt of
tartar, white, odourless
granules, anhydrous potassium carbonate, r.d. 2.29, m.p. 891oC,
(hygroscopic, cakes in moist air), E501, strong alkaline solution |
|
| Potassium chlorate (FLAM 1485), | KClO3, potassium chlorate (V) potassium
perchlorate, Berthollet's salt, colourless, white, odourless,
monoclinic crystals, r.d.
2.32, m.p. 368oC
then decomposes, explodes in contact with sulfur compounds, (in
explosives and weedkillers), |
|
| Potassium chloride. | KCl, sylvite, (sylvine), mineral, muriate of potash
fertilizer,
white,
odourless, cubic crystals or powder, slightly hygroscopic, diet
salt substitute, E508, in waters of Dead Sea |
|
| Potassium chromate (HARM 2811), | K2Cr2O3, lemon yellow
crystals, potassium chromate, m.p. 975oC, alkaline aqueous
solution |
|
| Potassium dichromate (POISON OXD 1479), | K2Cr2O7,
potassium
dichromate, (VI), potassium bichromate, red prussiate of potash, ferro
prussiate, bichrome, orange to red, odourless, monoclinic crystals or
granules, r.d. 2.69, m.p. 398oC, toxic and fire risk from
oxidation |
|
| Potassium ferricyanide | K3Fe(CN)6, potassium hexacyano
ferrate (III) ruby red, monoclinic crystals, heat
decomposes then melts, r.d. 1.89, case-hardening agent, Prussian blue
dye, chemical analysis colour reactions |
|
| Potassium ferrocyanide | K4Fe(CN)6.3H2O, potassium
hexacyano ferrate (II) yellow prussiate of soda, yellow monoclinic
crystals, r.d. 1.85,
case hardening agent, efflorescent, anyhdrous at 100oC |
|
| Potassium hydroxide (COR 1813), | KOH, "caustic potash", lye, potassa, white pellets, KOH
"sticks" or
rods in
water, lumps, flakes, very deliquescent, absorbs CO2 from
air, heat from dissolving in water, r.d. 2.044, m.p. 380oC,
E525, potassium lye, damages eyes |
|
| Potassium hydrogen carbonate | KHCO3, potassium bicarbonate, colourless,
odourless, white granules, r.d. 2.17, used in buffers, occurs as
calcinite |
|
| Potassium hydrogen tartrate, (KHC4H4O7), | HOOC(CHOH)2COOK, cream of tartar, tartar,
(beeswing), acid
potassium
tartrate, potassium bitartrate, white crystalline acid salt, purified
form of brown crystals argol, (used in baking
powder, from deposits in wine vats, the "crust" in crusted port that
has finaly fermented in the bottle), |
|
| Potassium iodate (V) | KIO3, potassium iodate, white, monoclinic crystals or granules, slightly deliquescent, r.d. 3.89, m.p. 560oC, (ingredient of iodized "table salt"), store out of light | |
| Potassium iodide |
KI, colourless, white crystals or granules, r.d. 3.12, m.p.
698oC, slightly deliquescent in moist air, becomes yellow
when iodine lost
to air, (chemical analysis, photography, ingredient of iodized "table
salt"),
tincture of iodine medicine, solvent for iodine forming KI3
(aq), a test for starch |
|
| Potassium monoxide |
K2O, "potash", K2O in fertilizer | |
| Potassium manganate, (VII) (OXD 1490), | KMnO4, potassium permanganate, dark purple,
bronze, odourless, rhombic crystals, r.d.2.7, heat decomposes, (Condy's
crystals medicine), distinct sweet bitter taste, oxidizing agent
disinfectant, chemistry analytical reagent, MnO4-
ion |
|
| Potassium nitrate (OXD 1486), | KNO3,
"saltpetre", "saltpeter", nitre, niter, Bengali saltpetre, colourless,
odourless, trigonal or rhombic crystals or white granules, r.d. 2.11,
m.p.333oC, decomposes at 400oC to lose O2,
(nitrate of
potash
fertilizer, fireworks, food preservative, explosive), E252 |
|
| Potassium nitrite (OXD 1488), | KNO2, white to yellow deliquescent solid, m.p. 440oC,
explodes above600oC |
|
| Potassium sodium tartrate-4-water | KNaC4H4O6.4H2O,
double salt sodium potassium tartrate, potassium sodium
tartrate, potassium sodium 2, 3-dihydroxybutanedioate, Rochelle salt,
Seignette's
salt, Seidlitz powder, saline cooling taste, piezoelectric |
|
| Potassium sulfate, powder | K2SO4, sulfate of potash fertilizer, E515 | |
| Potassium sulfide | K2S, liver of sulfur, sulfurated potash, (depilatory), | |
| Potassium
thiocyanate |
KCNS, colourless prisms, r.d. 1.89, m.p. about
173oC, deliquescent |
|
| Resorcinol (HARM 2876), |
C6H4(OH)2, crystals,
resorcin, benzene-1-3-diol, 1, 3
benzenediol, (turns red in light), (a dihydroxy phenol), (antiseptic), |
|
| Salicyclic acid |
HOC6H4COOH, 1-hydroxybenzoic acid,
crystals, used
to make aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, an antithrombic, anti-platelet
and pain-relieving medicine |
|
| Silica | SiO2, Silicon (IV) oxide, silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, E551, quartz sand, (Silica gel desiccant is hygroscopic amorphous hydrated silica + CoCl2, self-indicating moisture test, e.g. "Tell-Tale".), | |
| Silver bromide |
silver(I), bromide, Ag Br, yellow solid,
dissolves in concentrated ammonia solution, (photography emulsions), |
|
| Silver
chloride |
silver (I) chloride, AgCl, white solid, cerargyrite, horn silver, kerargyrite, dissolves in ammonia solution, (photography emulsions, pottery glaze), expensive! | |
| Silver iodide |
silver(I), iodide, AgI, not dissolve in ammonia
solution, yellow solid, crystals similar to ice so used in cloud seeding |
|
| Silver nitrate (OXD POISON 1493) |
AgNO3, large, odourless, transparent, rhombic
crystals or
small white crystals, lunar caustic sticks for cauterizing, r.d. 4.35,
m.p. 212oC, water-soluble, becomes dark with organic matter,
test for halogens, store
in cool dark place |
|
| Soda lime, powder (COR 1907) | Tests for CO2, (off-white-active,
violet-exhausted),
For anaesthetics, the pH
indicator ethyl violet is added to tell whether the soda lime can still
absorb carbon dioxide. The critical pH is 10.3. It turns from
colourless to violet. |
|
| Sodium benzoate |
C6H5COONa, sodium benzenecarboxylate, food preservative against yeasts and bacteria but may cause cirrhosis, damage DNA and and increase ageing, effective pH 2.5 to 4.2, dyes, antiseptic | |
| Sodium bisulfite | Na2S2O5, crystals, sodium metabisulfite, sodium pyrosulfite, beer-making and wine-making kits for the home | |
| Sodium carbonate decahydrate | Na2CO3.10H2O, washing
soda, sodium carbonate crystals, sal soda, crystal carbonate, black
ash, trona, E500 white, odourless powder, hygroscopic, soluble in water
to form alkaline solution, not decomposed by heat, (also anhydrous
sodium carbonate, soda ash anhydrous, Na2CO3,
r.d. 2.53, m.p. 851oC ), glass production, softens "hard"
water |
|
| Sodium chloride | NaCl, white, cubic crystals, (colourless if
large), or granules, r.d. 2.17, m.p. 804oC, common salt,
table salt, sodium chloride technical grade, rock salt, halite mineral,
sea
salt, brine, salt chlorination of swimming pools, animals
lick natural salt or artificial blocks of salt from a salt lick, not
hygroscopic if pure, for flavouring and food preservative, essential in
diet |
|
| Sodium citrate | Na3C6H5O7.2H2O,
basic, crystalline, trisodium citrate, trisodium-2-hydroxypropane-1, 2,
3-tricarboxy, (food
buffer), E331 |
|
| Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (V) | NaH2PO4, sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate, monosodium orthophosphate, also monohydrate NaH2PO4.H2O and dihydrate NaH2PO4.2H2O, white, odourless, rhombic crystals, insoluble in alcohol, slightly deliquescent, anhydrous at 100oC, in baking powder, food additive, buffers, E339, (I), | |
| Sodium hydrogen carbonate |
NaHCO3,
sodium
bicarbonate, baking soda, bicarbonate of soda, bicarb, bicarb
soda, soda, carb soda, saleratus, white, odourlessmonoclinic crystals
or granules, alkaline salt, r.d. 2.16 - 2.22, decomposes to lose CO2
form sodium carbonate above 50oC, (penetrates stains and
dissolves grease), (in self-raising
flour, baking powders, fire extinguishers, indigestion medicine), |
|
| Sodium
hydrogen sulfate |
anhydrous, NaHSO4, nitre cake, sodium bisulfate, swimming pool acid, (COR 1821), Sodium hydrogen sulfate monohydrate, NaHSO4.H2O, deliquescent | |
| Sodium hydroxide (COR 1823), | NaOH, white rods, flakes, lumps, granules, very hygroscopic
and absorbs CO2 from air, r.d. 2.13, m.p. about 318oC,
caustic soda, soda, soda lye, white caustic, caustic drain cleaner 5%
caustic soda, E524, dilute solution 6 M, 1.22 gm cm-3, cakes
if stored for long period, a caustic alkali, pH solution >10, soap
making, rayon and paper industry |
|
| Sodium hypochlorite (COR) | NaOCl, (4% Cl2), solution, (store below 25oC), (household bleach, domestic bleach, 5% NaOCl, bleaching fluid), chlorine water, chloride of soda, chlorine bleach, water treatment of swimming pools | |
| Sodium nitrate (OXD 1498) | NaNO3, sodium
nitrate (V) nitrate of soda, soda
nitre, Chili saltpeter, colourless, odourless, transparent, trigonal
crystals or
white granules, r.d. 2.26, m.p. 308oC, deliquescent in moist
air, Chile saltpetre from caliche deposits, Chile
nitre, (agricultural
fertilizer),
E251 |
|
| Sodium nitrite (OXD HARM 1500) | NaNO2, sodium nitrate (III) white to yellow rhombic crystals or granules, r.d. 2.17, m.p. 271oC, hygroscopic granules, (inhibits corrosion), E250 | |
| Sodium perborate |
Strong oxidizing agent, for non-chlorine bleach detergents, monohydrate NaBO3.H2O, tetrahydrate salt crystals NaBO3.4H2O (algicide in swimming pools) | |
| Sodium silicate |
(Na2O 8.6%, SiO2 28%), solution, waterglass, water glass, soluble glass, egg preservative, fireproofing | |
| Sodium sulfate |
Na2SO4.10H2O, mirabilite
mineral, hydrated, crystals, Glauber's salt, cake,
mirabilite, purgative medicine, E514, (Sodiun sulfate anhydrous Na2SO4,
white
hygroscopic
powder, r.d. 2.67, m.p. 888oC), (glauberite mineral, Na2Ca(SO4)2,
has a bitter and salty taste) |
|
| Sodium sulfite |
Na2SO3.7H2O, hydrated, sodium sulfate, (IV),-7-water, E221, (Sodium sulfite anhydrous, Na2SO3, white hexagonal crystals or powder, r.d. 2.63, alkaline in water), | |
| Sodium thiosulfate-5-water |
Na2S2O3.5H2O,
antichlor, colourless, odourless, monoclinic crystals or white
granules, r.d. 1.69, m.p. 48oC, efflorescent in dry air,
deliquescent in moist air, sodium hyposulfite, (deliquescent), hypo,
(photography), |
|
| Stearic acid |
CH3(CH2)16COOH, powder, octadecanoic acid, m.p. 68oC to 69.5oC, (in fats), | |
| Sulfuric acid (COR 1830) 98% by
weight, 36 M |
H2SO4, oleum, fuming sulfuric acid, oil
of
vitriol. concentrated H2SO4, clear, colourless,
oily liquid, very hygroscopic, conc. 18 M, r.d. about 1.84, 18 mol dm-3,
r.d. fuming H2SO4: 1.92
gm cm-3, (for
accumulators), battery acid r.d. 1.25 gm cm-3, E513, dilute H2SO4,
3 M, store in cool place |
|
| Sulfurous acid |
H2SO3, 6% SO2 solution in water, clear, colourless solution, penetrating SO2 odour, oxidizes in air to sulfuric acid | |
| (+) Tartaric acid | (CHOHCOOH)2, (CHOH)2(COOH)2,
C4H6O6, racemic acid, (+),2,
3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid, colourless, odourless, transparent,
monoclinic
crystals, or white granules, r.d. 1.76, m.p. 168 to 170oC
E334, from potassium hydrogen tartrate |
|
| Tin (II) chloride |
SnCl2.2H2O, stannous chloride, butter of tin, colourless, monoclinic crystals, absorbs O2 from air to form insoluble stannous oxychloride, r.d. 2.71, m.p. 37 to 38oC, (Also anhydrous SnCl2), | |
| Titanium (IV) oxide | TiO2, titanium dioxide, colour white, opacifer,
"white out" correction fluid, white
pigments for tennis
shoes, white paint, from mineral rutile, ilmenite FeTiO3, food
additive, E171 |
|
| 1,1,1-trichloroethane | CH3CCl3, (E512), methyl chloroform, grease solvent, safer alternative to tetrachloromethane, (carbon tetrachloride, CCl4), | |
| Trichloromethane | CHCl3, chloroform, colourless,
mobile, clear,
sweet taste liquid, distinct odour, Not inflammable, vapour in flame
may produce poisonous gases, b.p. 61oC, store dark, cool
place, former anaesthetic, solvent |
|
| Trisodium
phosphate (V) |
Na3PO4.12H2O, sodium
orthophosphate, "sodium
phosphate", tribasic, trisodium orthophosphate, "TSP", colourless to
white
odourless, trigonal crystals, (sodium phosphate decahydrate Na3PO4.10H2O),
(sodium phosphate dodecahydrate Na3PO4.12H2O),
r.d. 1.6, m.p. about
73oC, acidity regulator, food
buffer, thickener E339 |
|
| Zinc oxide | ZnO, white to yellow, amorphous powder, r.d. 5.47, m.p. above
1 800oC, white pigment, zincite, white zinc, zinc white,
Chinese white, spartalite, craft, zinc cream
medicine |
|
| Zinc sulfate |
ZnSO4.7H2O, colourless, odourless,
white
rhombic crystals or powder, r.d. 1.97, m.p. about 50oC,
efflorescent in dry air, anhydrous at 200oC, decomposes
above 500oC, white
vitriol, zinc vitriol, white copperas, gosla rite |
|
| Zinc sulfide |
ZnS, yellow-white solid, soluble, siublimes,
sphalerite or zinc blende, phosphor, pigment |
|
| Zirconium (IV) oxide | ZnO2, zirconia, baddeleyite, for craft, fuel cell electrolyte |