School Science Lessons
Appendix
2012-05-03a SP
Please send comments to: J.Elfick@uq.edu.au

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Table of contents
1.0 Abbreviations (Chemistry)
6.0.0 Equipment
2.0 Functional groups (Chemistry)
9.0 Prefixes and suffixes (Chemistry)
10.0 Prepare reagents (Chemistry)
8.0 Pigment names, C.I. numbers (Chemistry)
13.0 Greek alphabet
Appendix B Biology
Appendix A Chemical compounds by chemical name
Appendix C Chemistry
Appendix E Low-cost chemicals and common substances
Appendix D Polymers and plastics
Science, maths and technology
UNESCO Physics experiments
UNESCO List of equipment for science curriculum development

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Science, maths and technology
Topic 1.0 Science, maths and technology
Topic 2.0 Why are ‘hands-on’ science activities so effective for student learning?
Topic 2.1 What makes an activity scientific? (Primary)
Topic 2.2 Experimental investigation

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1.0 Abbreviations

alc.	alcohol	L	litre
alk.	alkali	M	molar conc, e.g. 2 M (2 molar)
aq.	water	m.p.	melting point
bp, b.p.	boiling point	max.	maximum
cryst.	crystals	min.	minimum
decomp.	decomposes	mL	millilitre
del.	deliquescent	mm	millimetre (10-3 m)
dil.	dilute	non-vol.	non-volatile
fp, f.p.	freezing point	org.	organic
g / mL	r.d.	ox.	oxidized
g	gram	polyp.	polypropylene
ign.	ignition	ppt.	precipitate
ind.	indicator	PVC	polyvinyl chloride
inorg.	inorganic	soln.	solution
insol.	insoluble	W / V	weight to volume ratio
kg.	kilogram	W / W	weight to weight ratio

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2.0 Functional groups
1. Alcohols, 2. Aldehydes, 3. Amines and Amides, 4. Carboxylic acids, 5. Cyclic compounds, 6. Esters,
7. Ethers, 8 Halogens (Alkyl Halides), 9. Ketones
R = alkyl group
1. Alcohols, R-OH, -OH hydroxyl, Prefix: hydroxy-, Suffix: -ol (-OH: alcohol), (alkanol, alkyl alcohol)
multiple -OH groups suffixes: -diol, -triol, -tetraol, e.g. ethylene glycol = ethane-1,2-diol, CH₂OHCH₂OH
2. Aldehyde, R-CH=O, Prefix: formyl-, Suffix: -al
Cyclic aldehydes, Prefix: formyl-, Suffix: -carbaldehyde, attached to benzene: benzaldehyde
3. Amines and Amides
Amines: R-NH₂, Prefix: amino-, Suffix: -amine
primary amine R1NH₂, secondary amine R1NHR2, tertiary amine R1NR2R3, e.g. trimethylamine
Amide RCONH₂ (amine + acid) No prefix, Suffix: -oic, amide, e.g. acetamide = ethanamide, CH₃CONH₂
R-C(=O)NR'R', Prefix: carbamoyl, NH₂CO, Suffix: -carboxamide, RCONH₂
4. Carboxylic acids, RCOOH Prefix: carboxy-, Suffix: -oic acid
Multiple: dicarboxylic acid, tricarboxylic acid
6. Esters RCOOR', Prefix: R-oxycarbonyl-, Suffix: -alkyl, -oate, e.g. methyl formate = methyl ethanoate,
 HCOOCH₃, but ethyl acetate (keeping old name)
7. Ethers ROR' (Alcohol names) -ether, Prefix: -oxy-, e.g. dimethyl ether = methoxymethane, CH₃OCH₃
8. Halogens, (Alkyl halides) R-X, Prefixes: fluoro-, bromo-, chloro-, dichloro-, trichloro-, iodo-,
 e.g. chloroform, trichloromethane, CHCl₃
Haloalkanes, halogenalkanes, alkyl halides, e.g. Acyl chloride, acid chloride, RCOCl,
functional group -CO-Cl,
 Prefix: halo-, formyl-, Suffix: -oyl halide, e.g. chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs
9. Ketones, RCOR', keto-, -one, e.g. acetone = propan-2-one, C=OH₂
Prefix: oxo-, Suffix: -one

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9.0 Prefixes and suffixes
Alkane, R-CH₃ Prefix: methyl-, Suffix: -ane (paraffins, saturated hydrocarbons)
Alkanes: methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane . . .
Alkene R1R2C=CR3R4, (double CC bond =), Prefix: alkenyl-, Suffix: -ene (no principal functional
group), (olefins. olefines), Cn H2n, e.g. ethylene, ethene C₂H₄
Alkyne R1-C=_CR2, (triple CC bond =_), Prefix: alkynl-, Suffix: -yne (no principal functional group),
(acetylenes)
Alkyl, R-, e.g. methyl, ethyl
Amyl group: C₅H₁₁, only as suffix
Azide X-N₃, Prefix: azido-
Azo (group) N=N
Azo compounds RN=N-R'
where R = alkyl group, e.g. methyl, ethyl, and R' = aryl, e.g. phenyl C₆H₅-
Azo nitrile RC=N cyano-
Azo pyridyl RC₅H₄N-
Benzyl group RCH₂C₆H₅-
Bromide, X-Br, Prefix: bromo-
Butane, C₄H₁₀, butyl C₄H₉-, Stem name: but-
-C=O: ketone, organic compound containing the group, only as suffix
Carbonyl group (C=O)
Chloride X-Cl, Prefix: chloro-
cis: on same side
Ethane, C₂H₆, ethyl C₂H₅-, Stem name: eth-
"flowers" of a metal: oxide of the metal
Fluoride X-F, Prefix: fluoro-
Glyco-: Sugar attached
Heptane, C₇H₁₆, heptyl C₇H₁₅, Stem name: hept-
Hexane, C₆H₁₄, hexyl C₆H₁₃, Stem name: hex-
-ide: Suffix: inorganic compounds containing two elements
imide. amide group: CONH₂, only as suffix
imine primary RC(=NH)R’ imino-, -imine
imine secondary RCH=NR’ imino-, -imine
-ine: 1. organic base, 2. amino acid, 3. halogen element, only as suffix
iodide X-I, Prefix: iodo-
isocyanate RNCS
-ium: Suffix: metals or groups with metal-like properties, e.g. ammonium, only as suffix
-lysis: Breaking down, decomposition, only as suffix
Methane, CH₄, methyl CH₃-, Stem name: meth-
muriate of a metal: chloride of the metal
NH: imine, a compound of =NH is an imino, only as suffix
-NH₂: amine group, a compound of -NH₂ is amino, amide, only as suffix
Nitrile X-CN, Prefix: cyano-, Suffix: -nitrile
Nitroso X-NO, Prefix: nitroso-
Nitro X-NO₂, Prefix: nitro-
Octane, C₈H₁₈, octyl C₈H₁₇, Stem name: oct-
Ortho-: Regular form.
Para-: Alongside, beyond, near, contrary to
Pentane, C₅H₁₂, pentyl C₅H₁₁-, Stem name: pent-
Phenol: organic compounds with functional group -OH, but attached to aromatic ring
Phenol X-C₆H₄-OH, Prefix: hydroxy, Suffix: -ol
phenyl group RC₆H₅
primary amine: RNH₂ amino-, -amine amines
Propane, C₃H₈, propyl C₃H₇-, Stem name: prop-
secondary amine: RNHR’ amino-, -amine amines
Sulfide X-SR, Prefix: R-thio-
Sulfonic acid X-SO₂-OH, Prefix: sulfo-, Suffix: -sulfonic acid
tertiary amine: RNR’R’’ amino-, -amine
Thio-: A prefix used when one atom is replaced by a sulfur atom
thiol sulfhydryl group RSH, only as prefixes
Thiol X-SH, Prefix: mercapto, Suffix: -thiol
trans: on opposite sides
trans fatty acid: fatty acid formed as a result of hydrogenation.

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UNESCO Physics experiments
Table of contents
4.220 Atmospheric pressure
4.200 Buoyancy, flotation
4.132 Colour
4.16.0 Conduction of heat
4.24.0 Convection
4.51.0 Current electricity
4.12.0 Density
4.134 Diffraction
4.160 Force and motion
4.180 Friction
4.147 Gas discharge tubes
4.5.0 Heat
4.103 Light sources, producing light
4.190 Liquid pressure
4.170 Machines
4.106 Reflection of light at flat surfaces, plane mirrors
4.114 Refraction of light at flat surfaces
26.0.0 Sound
4.39.0 Static electricity
25.1.0 Waves, wave motion
37.0.0 Weather

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10.0 Prepare reagents
("in water" = "dissolve in 1 litre of distilled water")

Substance, formula	Concentration M, dissolve amount below then dilute to 1 litre with water.
Aluminium chloride, AlCl3.6H2O	0.1 M, 24 g of hydrated salt in water
Aluminium sulfate, Al2(SO4)3.18H2O	0.l M, 66 g of hydrated salt in water
Ammonia, NH3 (aq) or NH4OH	2 M, dilute 330 mL of 10% soln.
Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl	5 M, 270 g in water
Ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3.3H2O	2 M, 300 g in 450 mL 10% NH3, then dilute
Ammonium iron (II) sulfate	0.1 M, 39.2 g in water, add 5 mL concentrated H2SO4
Ammonium oxalate, C2O4(NH4)2.2H2O	0.1 M, 16 g in water
Ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4	0.1 M, 13.2 g in water
Barium chloride, BaCl2.2H2O	0.1 M, 24.4 g in water
Bismuth chloride, BiCl3	0.17 M, 53 g in 1 litre of dilute HCl, 1 part concentrated HCl to 5 parts water
Bismuth nitrate, Bi(NO3)3.5H2O	0.083 M, 40 g in 1 litre of dilute HNO3, 1 part concentrated HNO3 to 5 parts water
Calcium chloride, CaCl2, anhydrous	0.l M, 11 g in water
Calcium chloride, CaCl2.2H2O	0.1 M, 14.7 g
Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2	Limewater, 10 g in water, shake, allow it to settle, decant clear liquid
Calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2	0.1 M, 16.4 g in water
Calcium sulfate, CaSO4.2H2O	0.1 M, Shake 10 g in water, leave to stand, decant the clear liquid
Cobalt (II) chloride-6-water, CoCl2.6H2O	0.1 M, 23.8 g in water
Cobalt nitrate, Co(NO3)2.6H2O	0.1 M, 29 g in water
Copper (II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2.6H2O	0.1 M, 29.6 g in water
Copper (II) sulfate, CuSO4.5H2O	0.1 M, 25 g in water + 5 mL concentrated sulfuric acid
Copper (II) sulfate, CuSO4.5H2O	0.5 M, 124.8 g in water + 5 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid
Iron (II) ammonium sulfate, Fe(NH4SO4)2.6H2O	0.5 M, 196 g in water + 10 mL concentrated H2SO4, dilute to 1 litre
Iron (III) chloride, FeCl3.6H2O	0.1 M, 27 g in water + 20 mL hydrochloric acid
Iron (III) chloride, FeCl3.6H2O	0.5 M, 135.2 g in water + 20 mL concentrated HCl, dilute to 1 litre
Iron (III) nitrate, Fe(NO3)3.9H2O	0.1 M, 40.4 g in water
Iron (II) sulfate, FeSO4.7H2O	0.1 M, 27.8 g in water + 1 mL concentrated H2SO4 to clear
Iron (II) sulfate	0.5 M, 139 g in water + 10 mL concentrated H2SO4, dilute to 1 litre
Iron (III) sulfate, Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O	0.1 M, 56 g in water
Iron (III) sulfate	0.25 M, 140.5 g in water + 100 mL concentrated H2SO4, dilute to 1 litre.
Lead ethanoate, (CH3COO)2Pb.3H2O	0.1 M, 38 g in water + dilute ethanoic acid to clear
Lead nitrate, Pb(NO3)2	0.1 M, 33 g in water
Magnesium chloride, MgCl2.6H2O	0.1 M, 20.3 g in water
Magnesium nitrate, Mg(N03)2.6H2O	0.1 M, 25.6 g in water
Magnesium sulfate, MgSO4.7H2O	0.1 M, 24.7 g in water
Manganese sulfate, MnSO4.H2O	0.1 M, 16.9 g in water
Nickel chloride, NiCl2.6H2O	0.1 M, 24 g in water
Potassium bromide, KBr	0.1 M, 12 g in water
Potassium carbonate, K2CO3	0.1 M, 13.8 g in water
Potassium chloride, KCl	0.1 M, 7.5 g in water
Potassium dichromate	0.1 M, 29.4 g in water, (K2Cr2O7)
Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate	0.1 M, 13.6 g in water, (KH2PO4)
Potassium hydroxide, KOH	2 M, 112 g in water. Use gloves.
Potassium hydroxide, KOH	2 M, 110 g of KOH sticks
Potassium iodide, KI	0.1 M, 16.6 g in water
Potassium nitrate, KNO3	0.1 M, 10.l g in water
Potassium permanganate, KMnO4	0.1 M, 15.8 g in water
Potassium sulfate, K2SO4	0.1 M, 17.4 g in water
Silver nitrate, AgNO3	0.1 M, 17 g in water
Sodium borate, Na2B4O7.l0H2O	0.1 M, 38 g in water
Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.10H2O	0.1 M, 28.6 g in water
Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, (anhydrous)	0.1 M, 10.6 g in water
Sodium chloride, NaCl	0.1 M, 5.8 g in water
Sodium chromate, Na2CrO4.4H2O	0.1 M, 23.4g in water
Sodium dichromate, Na2Cr207.2H2O	0.1 M, 29.8 g in water
Sodium ethanoate, CH3COONa.3H2O	00.1 M, 13.6 g in water, (sodium acetate)
Sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3	0.1 M, 8.4 g in water
Sodium iodide, NaI	0.1 M, 15 g in water
Sodium molybdate, Na2MoO4.2H2O	0.1 M, 24.2 g in water
Sodium nitrate, NaNO3	0.1 M, 8.5 g in water
Sodium nitrite, NaNO2	0.1 M, 7 g in water
Sodium oxalate, Na2C2O4	0.1 M, 13.4 g in water
Sodium sulfate, Na2SO4.10H2O	0.1 M, 32.2 g in water
Sodium sulfide, Na2S.9H2O	0.5 M 120 g in water and dilute to 1 litre
Sodium sulfite, Na2SO3.6H2O	0.1 M, 23.4 g in water
Sodium sulfite, Na2SO3, (anhydrous)	0.1 M, 12.6 g in water
Sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3.5H2O	0.1 M, 24.8 g in water
Strontium (II) chloride, SrCl2.6H2O	0.1 M, 26.7 g in water
tri-Sodium phosphate, Na3PO4.12H2O	0.1 M, 38 g in water
Tin (II) chloride, SnCl2.2H2O	0.5 M, 113 g in 170 mL concentrated HCl, dilute to 1 litre + tin foil
Tin (IV) chloride, SnCl2.5H2O	0.1 M, 35 g in water
Zinc sulfate, ZnSO4.7H2O	0.1 M, 28.8 g in water

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8.0 Pigment names, C.I. numbers
(Sample of list of dyes from commercial supplier, not full list of C.I. numbers)

Serial number	Pigment name	C.I. number
1.	C.I. Pigment Green 7 (Y)	74260
2.	C.I. Pigment Green 7 (B)	74260
3.	C.I. Pigment Blue 15.0	74160
4.	C.I. Pigment Blue 15.3 (G)	74160
5.	C.I. Pigment Blue 15.3 (R)	74160
6.	C.I. Pigment Yellow 1	11680
7.	C.I. Pigment Yellow 3	11710
8.	C.I. Pigment Yellow 12	21090
9.	C.I. Pigment Yellow 13	21100
10.	C.I. Pigment Yellow 14	21095
11.	C.I. Pigment Yellow 17	21105
12.	C.I. Pigment Yellow 62	.
13.	C.I. Pigment Yellow 74	11741
14.	C.I. Pigment Yellow 83	21108
15.	C.I. Pigment Red 2	12310
16.	C.I. Pigment Red 3 (Y)	12120
17.	C.I. Pigment Red 3 (B)	12120
18.	C.I. Pigment Red 4	12085
19.	C.I. Pigment Red 48.1	15865.2
20.	C.I. Pigment Red 48.2	15865.2
21.	C.I. Pigment Red 48.3	15865.3
22.	C.I. Pigment Red 48.4	15865.4
23.	C.I. Pigment Red 52.2	15860.2
24.	C.I. Pigment Red 49.1	15630.1
25.	C.I. Pigment Red 53.1	15585.1
26.	C.I. Pigment Red 57.1 (Y)	15850.1
27.	C.I. Pigment Red 57.1 (B)	15850.1
28.	C.I. Pigment Red 112	12370
29.	C.I. Pigment Red 146	12485
30.	C.I. Pigment Red 170	12475
31.	C.I. Pigment Orange 5	12075
32.	C.I. Pigment Orange 13	21110
33.	C.I. Pigment Orange 34	21115
34.	C.I. Pigment Violet 23 (R)	51319
35.	C.I. Pigment Violet 23(B)	51319

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